Inorganic soil solution constituents can alter the charge, size, and conformation of dissolved organic molecules, thus affecting their environmental behavior. Here, we investigated how pH, cation ...valence and activities induce conformational changes and aggregation-sedimentation reactions of organic polyelectrolytes. For that we determined the hydrodynamic diameter of the model compound tannic acid by laser light scattering at concentrations of 1–30 g L−1 in the pH range from 3 to 10 and with electrolyte additions of CaCl2 and hydroxyl-Al cations. Charge properties were quantified by polyelectrolyte titration and zeta potential measurements. After dispersion by sonication, aggregation was determined in time sequences up to 60 min and suspension stability was traced in sedimentation experiments. Tannic acid was present in ultrapure water in a self-aggregated state. At pH <3 as well as >7.5, its hydrodynamic diameter increased. Whereas at high pH this behavior could be assigned to unfolding of molecular conformations, at low pH it is likely that charge neutralization decreased repulsive forces and facilitated aggregation. At pH 5 and ionic strengths of up to 5 mM, CaCl2 did not affect aggregation state of tannic acid and results resembled those obtained in ultrapure water. Addition of hydroxyl-Al cations broke-up the self-aggregated tannic acid structures under formation of Al-organic coprecipitates. Strong aggregation only occurred at mixing ratios where opposite surface charges were completely balanced. Under natural conditions, self-aggregation of tannic acid can be expected only at higher solution concentrations. However, at acidic pH, hydroxyl-Al cations and tannic acid may form discrete colloidal particles already at low tannic acid concentrations, resulting in the destabilization of suspensions. Our data emphasize that the soil solution composition strongly modifies the physical state of tannic acid, and likely also of other biopolymers, and thus their interactions within environmental matrices.
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•Soil solution composition strongly modifies the physical state of tannic acid.•At low as well as high pH hydrodynamic diameter of tannic acid increased.•Hydroxyl-Al cations broke-up the self-aggregated tannic acid structures.•Strong aggregation occurred at mixing ratios where opposite charges were balanced.•Conformational changes of biopolymers can affect interactions within environmental matrices.
In interior architecture, it is enabled to design spaces at the desired quality with contemporary materials emerged based on today’s technological developments and diversity of components. The ...designer is required to have the latest information on materials to choose appropriate materials and compounds that define the quality of a space and provide the language unity in designing. In this respect, diversity, usage and performance, texture, colour and structural features of materials, the identity that will be reflected on the space, preference scales and application methods are explained throughout interior architecture education in lectures on materials and it is expected to apply these in design projects. Main aim of the study is to assess the material knowledge acquired throughout interior architecture education based on design projects prepared by the students. In this respect, the questionnaire has been conducted with 11 (50%) projects designers' prepared by 22 (100%) students, who have received Interior Design Studio III and IV studio in Interior Architecture Department of European University of Lefke in 2017-2018 Summer Semester. As a result, the degree of adoption and reflection of material knowledge acquired in material course and application skills have been discussed based on findings.
Objectives: N-nitroso compounds, endogenously formed from nitrate-derived nitrite, are suspected to be important bladder carcinogens. However, the association between nitrate exposure from food or ...drinking water and bladder cancer has not been substantially investigated in epidemiologic studies. Methods: We evaluated the associations between nitrate exposure and bladder cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study, conducted among 120,852 men and women, 55-69 years of age at entry. Information on nitrate from diet was collected via a food frequency questionnaire in 1986 and a database on nitrate content of foods. Individual nitrate exposures from beverages prepared with tap water were calculated by linking the postal code of individual residence at baseline to water company data. After 9.3 years of follow-up and after excluding subjects with incomplete or inconsistent dietary data, 889 cases and 4,441 subcohort members were available for multivariate analyses. We calculated incidence rate ratios (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox regression analyses. We also evaluated possible effect modification of dietary intake of vitamins C and E (low/high) and cigarette smoking (never/ever). Results: The multivariate RRs for nitrate exposure from food, drinking water, and estimated total nitrate exposure were 1.06 (95% CI, 0.81-1.31), 1.06 (95% CI, 0.82-1.37), and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.84-1.42), respectively, comparing the highest to the lowest quintiles of intake. Dietary intake of vitamins C and E (low/high) and cigarette smoking (never/ever) had no significant impact on these results. Conclusion: Although the association between nitrate exposure and bladder cancer risk is biologically plausible, our results in this study do not support an association between nitrate exposure and bladder cancer risk.
Turkish vernacular housing architecture is in danger of extinction. Original village patterns deteriorate due to new developments, which are discordant with existing settlements and social lifestyle. ...This paper claims to ensure the cultural continuity of Turkish vernacular housing architecture by adapting new residential designs to the existent environment with a parametric shape grammar method. Originally, vernacular house plans included the allocation of space around a hall: a Sofa. This study firstly exposes spatial organization and grammar rule sets according to the relation between the sofa and remaining spaces, secondly considers current physical problems and villagers’ contemporary living demands and finally creates design solutions coherent with the actual vernacular character by adapting a new design grammar to the existing design.
The curriculum of Interior Architecture education includes applied and theoretical courses. The most important course constituting the main frame of it is the interior design atelier course. Its aim ...is not only to create spaces with self-constructed functions and identity but also comfortable, compatible, artistic spaces touching the human soul. The designer should acquire this perspective during his education in art history, furniture history, similar theoretical courses and atelier design courses. The aim of this study is to present the relationship between interior design atelier and theoretical art courses from students’ perspective, and interpret the interaction between students and their success in design courses through success rates. Qualitative research method is used in compliance with the aim of the research. In this respect, in the first stage of the study, a questionnaire was conducted with twenty fourth year students receiving education in design atelier VIII in Interior Architecture Department of EUL. It is aimed to evaluate the relation between art-related courses and atelier courses through the students’ own perspective. In the second stage, student transcripts are examined and it is evaluated and interpreted whether there is parallelism between the success in art-related courses and success in design atelier courses from the researcher perspective. Consequently, these have produced the findings in respect to contribution and the extent of the contribution of art-related courses to the design process. The findings showed that specific dominant art-related courses should be included in the curriculum and/or taught more in the renewal of and prospective curriculum.
The Level 1 decision and data flow control subsystems of the CLEO-III trigger produce and distribute a trigger decision every 42 ns based on input from calorimetry and tracking subsystems. This paper ...describes the free-running pipelined trigger decision logic that correlates axial and stereo tracking information, and combines time-aligned calorimetry information onto a common backplane. Programmable trigger decision boards monitor this backplane and can be configured as desired to respond to a wide variety of trigger conditions. The resulting trigger decision is regulated by a throttling mechanism that allows the data-acquisition system to modulate the trigger rate to maximize throughput without buffer overrun. A central signal distribution mechanism delivers the trigger decision and system clock to the front-end electronics.
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