•An application of i-Tree Eco model in Strasbourg city to assess air pollution removal by trees in public green spaces across Strasbourg city was conducted.•The contribution of urban trees in air ...pollution removal is small in comparison with local emission rates in Strasbourg city.•Public trees of Strasbourg remove about 7% of the emitted PM10coarse in the city’s atmosphere.
This study integrates i-Tree Eco model in order to estimate air pollution removal by urban trees in Strasbourg city, France. Applied for the first time in a French city, the model shows that public trees, i.e., trees managed by the city, removed about 88t of pollutants during one year period (from July 2012 to June 2013): about 1 ton for CO; 14 tons for NO2; 56 tons for O3; 12 tons for PM10coarse (particles with diameter ranging from 2.5 to 10μm); 5 tons for PM2.5 and 1 ton for SO2. Air pollution removal varied mainly with the tree cover and the level of air pollutants concentrations. Comparison between simulated pollution removal rates and local emissions shows that public trees of Strasbourg reduce about 7% of the emitted PM10coarse in the city’s atmosphere; however, effect on other air pollutants is small. Thus, our study reveals that urban trees are a significant element to reduce air pollution but are not the only solution to this problem. It’s then recommended to associate planting and managing urban forest resources to other strategies that take into account the urban environment characteristics: built structures, street design, location of local sources; etc.
The distribution of urban ecosystem services (UES) is often uneven across socioeconomic groups, leading to environmental justice issues. Understanding the distribution of UES across a landscape can ...help managers ensure an equitable distribution of services. While many past studies have focused on the distribution of green spaces in relation to socioeconomic variables, this research analyzes the distribution of UES provided by these green spaces. This research quantified air pollution removal, atmospheric carbon reduction, and surface runoff mitigation provided by urban trees in Strasbourg city (France). The provision of these three UES was studied at the census block scale by creating an index of UES delivery, which was contrasted with a constructed social deprivation index. Our results show that there is no significant association between the delivery of UES and social deprivation. Some deprived populations benefit from high UES delivery. Results also suggest that mapping associations between UES delivery and social deprivation should be integrated with future development plans to enhance the equitable distribution of UES. This study provides insights into the French context where studies about the distribution of UES at a small-area level remain lacking.
Les services écosystémiques ont été étudiés dans le milieu urbain avant même la publication du rapport du Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) en 2005. La nécessité de prendre en compte la ...multifonctionnalité des espaces verts dans l’élaboration des documents d’urbanisme est fortement suggérée. Ainsi, l’objectif de notre étude est de discuter la question : comment concrétiser la transition des espaces verts publics, d’un décor à un équipement urbain multifonctionnel, en valorisant leurs services ? Une synthèse de 170 articles sur la caractérisation des services écosystémiques a permis d’identifier entre autres 56 services. La planification des trames vertes urbaines apparaît comme une opportunité de valorisation des services écosystémiques fournis par la végétation.
La place attribuée aux espaces verts par les politiques urbaines depuis le XIXe siècle en France a connu plusieurs phases. Selon les tendances urbanistiques adoptées, trois périodes principales ...peuvent être identifiées : il s’agit de l’ère de l’urbanisme fonctionnaliste, de celle de l’urbanisme durable et enfin l’émergence de l’urbanisme écologique. Tout au long de ces périodes, de nouvelles pratiques de gestion et différentes typologies d’espaces verts sont apparues. Les espaces végétalisés urbains ont ainsi évolué par rapport à un « gradient de naturalité », allant des jardins privés à forte valeur ornementale à la trame verte urbaine multifonctionnelle. De nos jours, les études menées sur « la nature » en ville se structurent en fonction de deux orientations principales : (i) l’évaluation des services écosystémiques rendus par la biodiversité et (ii) la mise en connectivité des habitats particuliers. L’objectif de cet article est de proposer une synthèse de l’évolution de la place du végétal en ville à la fois dans les diverses théories urbanistiques et dans les pratiques urbanistiques.
Since the XIX century, the role of green space in French urban policies underwent significant changes. Regarding the objectives of planning, we can identify three periods in which new management ...practices and many novel typologies of green spaces appeared : functionalist urban planning, sustainable urban planning and ecological urban planning. Therefore, the evolution of urban green spaces was based on “naturalness gradient” : from private garden with a high aesthetic level to multipurpose urban greenways. Nowadays, studies that focus on “nature” in the city are based on tow principles : (i) the evaluation of ecosystem services and (ii) the connectivity of particular habitats. The aim of this paper is to trace the historic evolution of the role of green areas in cities with reference to the diverse theories and practices of urban planning.
Cet article aborde à la fois la complexité du concept de services écosystémiques et son aspect pragmatique. En fournissant un exemple concret d’évaluation de services écosystémiques, l’objectif est ...de démontrer que cette complexité n’est pas un frein quant à l’application du concept. Dans ce cadre, une évaluation ascendante des services écosystémiques a été développée. Basée sur la caractérisation de la végétation urbaine, cette évaluation écologique a permis d’étudier le fonctionnement des arbres urbains et de quantifier les services écosystémiques rendus à la société en appliquant le modèle « i-Tree Eco » à l’échelle de la ville de Strasbourg (France).
Over the past few years, the ‘‘smart city’’ concept has emerged as a new trend to answer challenging issues related to urban development. Transformation of a city system into a smart system is meant ...to improve the quality of life for its people and their way of living, its environment, economy, transport, and governance. Due to benefits associated with the concept of the smart city and associated implementation challenges, traditional city systems have been undergoing transformation into smart city systems. However, observed approaches of transformation presented disconnected and fragmented city systems that usually hamper the interaction of city subsystems with the efficient and environmentally friendly urban environment. This work emphasizes the systematic view of a city system and proposes a novel method of smart city system integration. The results of our study show that in a smart city environment, where ecosystem services are valorised, air pollution emitted by vehicles can be removed by taking into consideration information related to air pollution reduction. A case study is presented to demonstrate that, with an integrated system, information outputs on travel decisions are different and more valuable. The case study explores the operability of the system, its limitations, and potential future improvements.
Juvenile recurrent parotitis (JRP) is a rare disease. It is most commonly occurring between the ages of 3 and 5 years, that classically resolves at adolescence. It is characterized by recurrent ...non-suppurative parotitis, with several acute inflammatory episodes per year. The parotid´s swelling tends to be unilateral, but it can occur bilaterally, with a more predominant side. The aim of this work was to present a case report that highlights signs and symptoms of this unusual condition and to stress on the value of ultrasonography as an aid to diagnosis.
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