To investigate the value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for differentiating gallbladder adenocarcinoma from adenoma, and predicting histologic grades of gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
Fourty-three ...gallbladder adenocarcinomas and 8 adenomas were included. We compared apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values between adenocarcinoma and adenoma, and ADC values of gallbladder adenocarcinoma among the histologic grade.
Gallbladder adenocarcinoma (1.041×10−3mm2/s) showed significantly lower ADC values than adenoma (2.039×10−3mm2/s) (P<.001). Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (1.290×10−3mm2/s) showed significantly higher ADC values than higher-grades (1.104×10−3 and 0.915×10−3mm2/s in moderately- and poorly-differentiated, respectively) (P<.001).
DWI can help to differentiate gallbladder adenocarcinoma from adenoma, and well-differentiated from higher-grade adenocarcinoma.
Abstract We report on a rare case of an epidermoid cyst in an intrapancreatic accessory spleen (ECIAS) that presented as a cystic lesion in the tail of the pancreas, in a 21-year-old woman. ECIAS is ...very rare; thus, accurate diagnosis before surgery is difficult. When a wall within the lesion presents with similar imaging features to accessory splenic tissues on magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging, ECIAS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions in the tail of the pancreas.
Abstract Purpose To investigate the value of DWI for differentiating gallbladder adenocarcinoma from adenoma, and predicting histologic grades of gallbladder adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods ...Fourty-three gallbladder adenocarcinomas and 8 adenomas were included. We compared ADC values between adenocarcinoma and adenoma, and ADC values of gallbladder adenocarcinoma among the histologic grade. Results Gallbladder adenocarcinoma (1.041 × 10 − 3 mm2 /sec) showed significantly lower ADC values than adenoma (2.039 × 10 − 3 mm2 /sec) ( p < 0.001). Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (1.290 × 10 − 3 mm2 /sec) showed significantly higher ADC values than higher-grades (1.104 × 10 − 3 and 0.915 × 10 − 3 mm2 /sec in moderately- and poorly-differentiated, respectively) ( p < 0.001). Conclusion DWI can help to differentiate gallbladder adenocarcinoma from adenoma, and well-differentiated from higher-grade adenocarcinoma.
Five regional climate models (RCMs)—CCLM, RegCM, HadGEM3‐RA, SNURCM and WRF—participating in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment‐East Asia (CORDEX‐EA) Phase 2 project are ...evaluated for their ability to simulate spatiotemporal variability in Asian summer precipitation. For this purpose, two dynamical downscaling sets, experiments forced by ERA‐Interim reanalysis data (reproduction experiment) and historical data from three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) general circulation models (GCMs) (historical experiment) are analysed. The horizontal resolution of the downscaled results is 25 km, and the analysis period is from 1981 to 2005 (25 years). The RCMs show reasonable performance in simulating the spatial and temporal characteristics of summer precipitation in CORDEX‐EA Phase 2 domain. To assess spatiotemporal patterns in Asian precipitation, cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis is used. In the first mode representing seasonal variations, the model ensemble results of both the reproduction experiment (Rep_ENS) and the historical experiment (His_ENS) simulate the peak times, location of precipitation and progression of the monsoons in Asia reasonably. Their features are greatly influenced by the moisture flux, indicating that the relation between precipitation and 850 hPa moisture flux is depicted well by RCM ensembles. In the second mode, which represents intraseasonal variations, the Rep_ENS depicts the western North Pacific summer monsoon break (WNPSM break) phenomenon similar to the observation. Although the His_ENS simulates the WNPSM break later than the observation, it does present the intraseasonal variation in the East Asian summer monsoon region. Based on these results, the five RCM ensemble results show the ability to capture spatiotemporal characteristics of summer precipitation in CORDEX‐EA Phase 2 domain, as well as added value from dynamical downscaling.
The regional climate model (RCM) ensemble of reproduction experiment (Rep_ENS) and historical experiment (His_ENS) simulates distributions of the frequency of precipitation occurrence similar to the observation (ERA‐Interim) for all three Asian summer monsoon regions. Rep_ENS simulates almost the same distribution as in the observation, compared to other models. His_ENS shows an improved simulation ability for strong intensity precipitation (≥100 mm·day−1) that distributions are much closer to the observation than the CMIP5 GCM, confirming added‐value from the RCM.
A number of carboligases, which catalyze condensation of C1- and/or C2-aldehydes into multi-carbon products, have been reported. However, their catalytic activities and/or regioselectivities remained ...rather low. Thereby, this study has focused on engineering of C1 and C2 carboligases for the regioselective condensation of C1-formaldehyde into C4-erythrulose via C2-glycolaldehyde. The crystal structure of the glyoxylate carboligase from Escherichia coli (EcGCL) was elucidated in complex with glycolaldehyde. A structure-guided rationale generated several mutants, one of whose catalytic activity reached 15.6 M−1·s−1, almost 10 times greater than the wild-type enzyme. Another variant (i.e., EcGCL_R484M/N283Q/L478M/M488L/R284K) has shown significantly increased stability to the glycolaldehyde toxicity, enabling production of glycolaldehyde to 31 mM from 75 mM formaldehyde (conversion: 83 %). Besides, the E1 subunit of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from Vibrio vulnificus (VvSucA) was engineered as a regiospecific C2 carboligase for condensation of glycolaldehyde into erythrulose. The combination of EcGCL_R484M/N283Q/L478M/M488L/R284K and VvSucA_K228L led to the cascade production of erythrulose to 8 mM from 90 mM formaldehyde via glycolaldehyde without byproduct formation. This study will contribute to valorization of C1 gases into industrially relevant multi-carbon products in an environment-friendly way.
•We studied the measles virus platform and nasal injection routes against COVID-19.•Hamsters received recombinant measles viruses expressing SARS-CoV-2 S protein.•Intranasal injection exhibited ...superior performance over intramuscular injection.•Intranasal immunization improves SARS-CoV-2 clearance in the respiratory tract.
As the nasal mucosa is the initial site of infection for COVID-19, intranasal vaccines are more favorable than conventional vaccines. In recent clinical studies, intranasal immunization has been shown to generate higher neutralizing antibodies; however, there is a lack of evidence on sterilizing immunity in the upper airway. Previously, we developed a recombinant measles virus encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (rMeV-S), eliciting humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
In this study, we aim to provide an experiment on nasal vaccines focusing on a measles virus platform as well as injection routes.
Recombinant measles viruses expressing rMeV-S were prepared, and 5 × 105 PFUs of rMeV-S were administered to Syrian golden hamsters via intramuscular or intranasal injection. Subsequently, the hamsters were challenged with inoculations of 1 × 105 PFUs of SARS-CoV-2 and euthanized 4 days post-infection. Neutralizing antibodies and RBD-specific IgG in the serum and RBD-specific IgA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured, and SARS-CoV-2 clearance capacity was determined via quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and viral titer measurement in the upper respiratory tract and lungs. Immunohistochemistry and histopathological examinations of lung samples from experimental hamsters were conducted.
The intranasal immunization of rMeV-S elicits protective immune responses and alleviates virus-induced pathophysiology, such as body weight reduction and lung weight increase in hamsters. Furthermore, lung immunohistochemistry demonstrated that intranasal rMeV-S immunization induces effective SARS-CoV-2 clearance that correlates with viral RNA content, as determined by qRT-PCR, in the lung and nasal wash samples, SARS-CoV-2 viral titers in lung, nasal wash, BALF samples, serum RBD-specific IgG concentration, and RBD-specific IgA concentration in the BALF.
An intranasal vaccine based on the measles virus platform is a promising strategy owing to the typical route of infection of the virus, the ease of administration of the vaccine, and the strong immune response it elicits.
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