In macaque monkeys, V6A is a visuomotor area located in the anterior bank of the POs, dorsal and anterior to retinotopically-organized extrastriate area V6 (Galletti et al., 1996). Unlike V6, V6A ...represents both contra- and ipsilateral visual fields and is broadly retinotopically organized (Galletti et al., 1999b). The contralateral lower visual field is over-represented in V6A. The central 20°–30° of the visual field is mainly represented dorsally (V6Ad) and the periphery ventrally (V6Av), at the border with V6. Both sectors of area V6A contain arm movement-related cells, active during spatially-directed reaching movements (Gamberini et al., 2011).
In humans, we previously mapped the retinotopic organization of area V6 (Pitzalis et al., 2006). Here, using phase-encoded fMRI, cortical surface-based analysis and wide-field retinotopic mapping, we define a new cortical region that borders V6 anteriorly and shows a clear over-representation of the contralateral lower visual field and the periphery. As with macaque V6A, the eccentricity increases moving ventrally within the area. The new region contains a non-mirror-image representation of the visual field. Functional mapping reveals that, as in macaque V6A, the new region, but not the nearby area V6, responds during finger pointing and reaching movements. Based on similarity in position, retinotopic properties, functional organization and relationship with the neighboring extrastriate visual areas, we propose that the new cortical region is the human homologue of macaque area V6A.
•We used fmri, cortical surface-based analysis and wide-field retinotopic mapping.•We defined a region with retinotopy and position similar to those of macaque V6A.•We tested whether the new region has functional properties as macaque V6A.•The new region responds to pointing movements requiring wrist orientation changes.•The comparison with monkey data suggest that the new region is the human area V6A.
Aims. We present the reconstruction of hydrostatic mass profiles in 13 X-ray luminous galaxy clusters that have been mapped in their X-ray and Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) signals out to R200 for the ...XMM-Newton Cluster Outskirts Project (X-COP). Methods. Using profiles of the gas temperature, density, and pressure that have been spatially resolved out to median values of 0.9R500, 1.8R500, and 2.3R500, respectively, we are able to recover the hydrostatic gravitating mass profile with several methods and using different mass models. Results. The hydrostatic masses are recovered with a relative (statistical) median error of 3% at R500 and 6% at R200. By using several different methods to solve the equation of the hydrostatic equilibrium, we evaluate some of the systematic uncertainties to be of the order of 5% at both R500 and R200. A Navarro-Frenk-White profile provides the best-fit in 9 cases out of 13; the remaining 4 cases do not show a statistically significant tension with it. The distribution of the mass concentration follows the correlations with the total mass predicted from numerical simulations with a scatter of 0.18 dex, with an intrinsic scatter on the hydrostatic masses of 0.15 dex. We compare them with the estimates of the total gravitational mass obtained through X-ray scaling relations applied to YX, gas fraction, and YSZ, and from weak lensing and galaxy dynamics techniques, and measure a substantial agreement with the results from scaling laws, from WL at both R500 and R200 (with differences below 15%), from cluster velocity dispersions. Instead, we find a significant tension with the caustic masses that tend to underestimate the hydrostatic masses by 40% at R200. We also compare these measurements with predictions from alternative models to the cold dark matter, like the emergent gravity and MOND scenarios, confirming that the latter underestimates hydrostatic masses by 40% at R1000, with a decreasing tension as the radius increases, and reaches ∼15% at R200, whereas the former reproduces M500 within 10%, but overestimates M200 by about 20%. Conclusions. The unprecedented accuracy of these hydrostatic mass profiles out to R200 allows us to assess the level of systematic errors in the hydrostatic mass reconstruction method, to evaluate the intrinsic scatter in the NFW c − M relation, and to robustly quantify differences among different mass models, different mass proxies, and different gravity scenarios.
ABSTRACT
Galaxy clusters exhibit a rich morphology during the early and intermediate stages of mass assembly, especially beyond their boundary. A classification scheme based on shapefinders deduced ...from the Minkowski functionals is examined to fully account for the morphological diversity of galaxy clusters, including relaxed and merging clusters, clusters fed by filamentary structures, and cluster-pair bridges. These configurations are conveniently treated with idealized geometric models and analytical formulas, some of which are novel. Examples from CLASH and LC2 clusters and observed cluster-pair bridges are discussed.
The internal organization of a higher level visual area in the human parietal cortex was mapped. Functional magnetic resonance images were acquired while the polar angle of a peripheral target for a ...delayed saccade was gradually changed. A region in the superior parietal cortex showed robust retinotopic mapping of the remembered target angle. The map reversed when the direction of rotation of the remembered targets was reversed and persisted unchanged when study participants detected rare target reappearances while maintaining fixation, or when the eccentricity of successive remembered targets was unpredictable. This region may correspond to the lateral intraparietal area in macaque monkeys.
Human V6: The Medial Motion Area Pitzalis, S.; Sereno, M.I.; Committeri, G. ...
Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. 1991),
02/2010, Letnik:
20, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Cortical-surface-based functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging mapping techniques and wide-field retinotopic stimulation were used to verify the presence of pattern motion sensitivity in human area V6. ...Area V6 is highly selective for coherently moving fields of dots, both at individual and group levels and even with a visual stimulus of standard size. This stimulus is a functional localizer for V6. The wide retinotopic stimuli used here also revealed a retinotopic map in the middle temporal cortex (area MT/V5) surrounded by several polar-angle maps that resemble the mosaic of small areas found around macaque MT/V5. Our results suggest that the MT complex (MT+) may be specialized for the analysis of motion signals, whereas area V6 may be more involved in distinguishing object and self-motion.
Context. Galaxy clusters are the most recent, gravitationally bound products of the hierarchical mass accretion over cosmological scales. How the mass is concentrated is predicted to correlate with ...the total mass in the halo of the cluster, wherein systems at higher mass are less concentrated at given redshift and, for any given mass, systems with lower concentration are found at higher redshifts. Aims. Through a spatial and spectral X-ray analysis, we reconstruct the total mass profile of 47 galaxy clusters observed with Chandra in the redshift range 0.4 <z< 1.2, which we selected to exclude major mergers, to investigate the relation between the mass and dark matter concentration and the evolution of this relation with redshift. This sample is the largest investigated so far at z> 0.4, and is well suited to providing the first constraint on the concentration–mass relation at z> 0.7 from X-ray analysis. Methods. Under the assumption that the distribution of the X-ray emitting gas is spherically symmetric and in the hydrostatic equilibrium with the underlined gravitational potential, we combine the deprojected gas density and spectral temperature profiles through the hydrostatic equilibrium equation to recover the parameters that describe a Navarro-Frenk-White total mass distribution. The comparison with results from weak-lensing analysis reveals a very good agreement both for masses and concentrations. The uncertainties are however too large to make any robust conclusion about the hydrostatic bias of these systems. Results. The distribution of concentrations is well approximated by a log-normal function in all the mass and redshift ranges investigated. The relation is well described by the form c ∝ MB(1 + z)C with B = −0.50 ± 0.20, C = 0.12 ± 0.61 (at 68.3% confidence). This relation is slightly steeper than that predicted by numerical simulations (B ~ −0.1) and does not show any evident redshift evolution. We obtain the first constraints on the properties of the concentration–mass relation at z> 0.7 from X-ray data, showing a reasonable good agreement with recent numerical predictions.
A recent study from our laboratory demonstrated that parietal cortex contains a map of visual space related to saccades and spatial attention and identified this area as the likely human homologue of ...the lateral intraparietal (LIP). A human homologue for the parietal reach region (PRR), thought to preferentially encode planned hand movements, has also been recently proposed. Both of these areas, originally identified in the macaque monkey, have been shown to encode space with eye-centered coordinates. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of humans was used to test the hypothesis that the putative human PRR contains a retinotopic map recruited by finger pointing but not saccades and to test more generally for differences in the visuospatial maps recruited by pointing and saccades. We identified multiple maps in both posterior parietal cortex and superior frontal cortex recruited for eye and hand movements, including maps not observed in previous mapping studies. Pointing and saccade maps were generally consistent within single subjects. We have developed new group analysis methods for phase-encoded data, which revealed subtle differences between pointing and saccades, including hemispheric asymmetries, but we did not find evidence of pointing-specific maps of visual space.
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) might detect gravitational waves from mergers of massive black hole binaries strongly lensed by intervening galaxies. The detection of multiple gravitational ...lensing events would provide a new tool for cosmography. Constraints on cosmological parameters could be placed by exploiting either lensing statistics of strongly lensed sources or time-delay measurements of lensed gravitational wave signals. These lensing methods do not need the measurement of the redshifts of the sources and the identification of their electromagnetic counterparts. They would extend cosmological probes to redshift z≲ 10 and are then complementary to other lower or higher redshift tests, such as Type Ia supernovae or cosmic microwave background. The accuracy of lensing tests strongly depends on the formation history of the merging binaries, and the related number of total detectable multiple images. Lensing amplification might also help to find the host galaxies. Any measurement of the source redshifts would allow us to exploit the distance-redshift test in combination with lensing methods. Time-delay analyses might measure the Hubble parameter H
0 with an accuracy of ≳10 km s-1 Mpc−1. With prior knowledge of H
0, lensing statistics and time delays might constrain the dark matter density (δΩM≳ 0.08, due to parameter degeneracy). Inclusion of our methods with other available orthogonal techniques might significantly reduce the uncertainty contours for ΩM and the dark energy equation of state.
Aims.
We present a cosmological analysis of abundances and stacked weak lensing profiles of galaxy clusters, exploiting the AMICO KiDS-DR3 catalogue. The sample consists of 3652 galaxy clusters with ...intrinsic richness
λ
*
≥ 20, over an effective area of 377 deg
2
, in the redshift range
z
∈ 0.1, 0.6.
Methods.
We quantified the purity and completeness of the sample through simulations. The statistical analysis has been performed by simultaneously modelling the co-moving number density of galaxy clusters and the scaling relation between the intrinsic richnesses and the cluster masses, assessed through stacked weak lensing profile modelling. The fluctuations of the matter background density, caused by super-survey modes, have been taken into account in the likelihood. Assuming a flat Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, we constrained Ω
m
,
σ
8
,
S
8
≡
σ
8
(Ω
m
/0.3)
0.5
, and the parameters of the mass-richness scaling relation.
Results.
We obtained Ω
m
= 0.24
−0.04
+0.03
,
σ
8
= 0.86
−0.07
+0.07
, and
S
8
= 0.78
−0.04
+0.04
. The constraint on
S
8
is consistent within 1
σ
with the results from WMAP and Planck. Furthermore, we got constraints on the cluster mass scaling relation in agreement with those obtained from a previous weak lensing only analysis.
Abstract
Accurate shape perception is critical for object perception, identification, manipulation, and recreation. Humans are capable of making judgements of both objective (physical) and projective ...(retinal) shape. Objective judgements benefit from a global approach by incorporating context to overcome the effects of viewing angle on an object’s shape, whereas projective judgements benefit from a local approach to filter out contextual information. Realistic drawing skill requires projective judgements of 3D targets to accurately depict 3D shape on a 2D surface, thus benefiting from a local approach. The current study used a shape perception task that comprehensively tests the effects of context on shape perception, in conjunction with a drawing task and several possible measures of local processing bias, to show that the perceptual basis of drawing skill in neurotypical adults is not due to a local processing bias.
Perceptual flexibility
, the ability to process local or global information as needed, is discussed as a potential mechanism driving both accurate shape judgements and realistic drawing.
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