To experimentally examine if adolescents with excess weight are more sensitive to social stress and hence more sensitive to harmful effects of stress in cognition.
We conducted an experimental study ...in 84 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years old classified in two groups based on age adjusted Body Mass Index percentile: Normal weight (n=42) and Excess weight (n=42). Both groups were exposed to social stress as induced by the virtual reality version of the Trier Social Stress Task--participants were requested to give a public speech about positive and negative aspects of their personalities in front of a virtual audience. The outcome measures were salivary cortisol levels and performance in cognitive tests before and after the social stressor. Cognitive tests included the CANTAB Rapid Visual Processing Test (measuring attention response latency and discriminability) and the Iowa Gambling Task (measuring decision-making).
Adolescents with excess weight compared to healthy weight controls displayed increased cortisol response and less improvement of attentional performance after the social stressor. Decision-making performance decreased after the social stressor in both groups.
Adolescents who are overweight or obese have increased sensitivity to social stress, which detrimentally impacts attentional skills.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Aims/hypothesis
The Di@bet.es Study is the first national study in Spain to examine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation.
Methods
A population-based, cross-sectional, cluster ...sampling study was carried out, with target population being the entire Spanish population. Five thousand and seventy-two participants in 100 clusters (health centres or the equivalent in each region) were randomly selected with a probability proportional to population size. Participation rate was 55.8%. Study variables were a clinical and demographic structured survey, lifestyle survey, physical examination (weight, height, BMI, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure) and OGTT (75 g).
Results
Almost 30% of the study population had some carbohydrate disturbance. The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus adjusted for age and sex was 13.8% (95% CI 12.8, 14.7%), of which about half had unknown diabetes: 6.0% (95% CI 5.4, 6.7%). The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and combined IFG–IGT were 3.4% (95% CI 2.9, 4.0%), 9.2% (95% CI 8.2, 10.2%) and 2.2% (95% CI 1.7, 2.7%), respectively. The prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation increased significantly with age (
p
< 0.0001), and was higher in men than in women (
p
< 0.001).
Conclusions/interpretation
The Di@bet.es Study shows, for the first time, the prevalence rates of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in a representative sample of the Spanish population.
To identify loci associated with Alzheimer disease, we conducted a three-stage analysis using existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genotyping in a new sample. In Stage I, all ...suggestive single-nucleotide polymorphisms (at P<0.001) in a previously reported GWAS of seven independent studies (8082 Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases; 12 040 controls) were selected, and in Stage II these were examined in an in silico analysis within the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium GWAS (1367 cases and 12904 controls). Six novel signals reaching P<5 × 10(-6) were genotyped in an independent Stage III sample (the Fundació ACE data set) of 2200 sporadic AD patients and 2301 controls. We identified a novel association with AD in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 (ATP5H)/Potassium channel tetramerization domain-containing protein 2 (KCTD2) locus, which reached genome-wide significance in the combined discovery and genotyping sample (rs11870474, odds ratio (OR)=1.58, P=2.6 × 10(-7) in discovery and OR=1.43, P=0.004 in Fundació ACE data set; combined OR=1.53, P=4.7 × 10(-9)). This ATP5H/KCTD2 locus has an important function in mitochondrial energy production and neuronal hyperpolarization during cellular stress conditions, such as hypoxia or glucose deprivation.
To provide a global vocabulary for communicating about soils, soil scientists soon developed systems for classifying natural soil bodies. However, it required having previous knowledge to apply it, ...often with specific language and complex architecture. This study explores how an innovative methodology could engage students to improve their knowledge of soil science. The study sample included 336 university students of Environmental Sciences in Barcelona, Spain over a period of five years (2013–2017). The methodology applied looked to promote active learning going from a teacher-centered to a student-centered approach. Different types of activities were proposed both inside (face-to-face session and final test) and outside (online questionnaire) the classroom. The face-to-face session lasts 3 h, during which students must first become familiar with soil properties and classification, establishing the role of geographic distribution in the nature of soil. The results of this study conclude that students benefit from the face-to-face session, including active learning activities, as reflected in the online questionnaire and final test results. The final test also revealed differences between the grades obtained in the contextualized problem on soil genesis, soil classification, and soil evaluation, related with the face-to-face session, and the questions focused on learning before doing.
•The question of how to teach soil classification has plagued teachers for years.•Student feedback indicates that the level of learning increases with the active learning.•The contextualization of soil classification in a global map is an effective strategy.
Aims We evaluated the relations between surrogate indices of insulin resistance and waist circumference, metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease risk across Hispanic and non‐Hispanic white ...populations.
Methods The study was a cross‐sectional analysis of participants without diabetes in the San Antonio Heart Study, Mexico City Diabetes Study and Spanish Insulin Resistance Study. We evaluated commonly used indices of insulin resistance, including homeostasis model assessment, McAuley’s index, Gutt’s insulin sensitivity index, Avignon’s insulin sensitivity index and the Stumvoll index with and without demographics, the modified Matsuda index and the product of the triglycerides and glucose index. The metabolic syndrome was defined by American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria and coronary heart disease risk by Framingham risk scores.
Results The Stumvoll index with demographics and the Avignon’s insulin sensitivity index had the strongest correlations with waist circumference across populations. The triglycerides and glucose and McAuley’s indices had the most robust correlations with Framingham risk score. The triglycerides and glucose index had the greatest ability to detect individuals with the metabolic syndrome and ≥ 10% coronary heart disease risk. Some indices display significant variability in the strength of the relationship with adiposity and coronary heart disease risk across populations.
Conclusions There are significant differences between insulin resistance indices regarding the ability to detect the metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease risk across populations. Studies may need to consider the index of insulin resistance that best suits the objectives.
Aims/hypothesis The gene encoding transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) has been related to type 2 diabetes in multiple ethnic groups. Here, we investigate whether three single nucleotide ...polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TCF7L2 gene are associated with an impaired proinsulin:insulin ratio. Methods In this study we examined the associations between SNPs rs7901695, rs7903146 and rs12255372 in the TCF7L2 gene and metabolic variables affecting type 2 diabetes in a population-based study of 706 unrelated individuals (47% men and 53% women; aged 35-74 years) from the province of Segovia in central Spain (Castille), including 180 individuals with type 2 diabetes. Results The minor allele frequency of rs7901695, rs7903146 and rs12255372 was significantly higher in diabetic patients compared with that in non-diabetic individuals. The T (minor) allele of the variant rs7903146 was significantly associated with a greater OR for type 2 diabetes adjusted for age, sex and BMI in logistic regression analysis: OR 1.29 (95% CI 1.06-1.57, p = 0.01). This risk allele was also associated with an increased proinsulin:insulin ratio after OGTT. Similar results were obtained for the other TCF7L2 SNPs. Conclusions/interpretation Our results provide further evidence supporting the belief that the TCF7L2 gene is a major determinant of type 2 diabetes risk in Spain, as in other southern European populations. The association with increased proinsulin:insulin ratio after an OGTT suggests that TCF7L2 might be involved in insulin synthesis and processing.
Epithelial cells lining the intestinal mucosa constitute a selective-semipermeable barrier acting as first line of defense in the organism. The number of those cells remains constant during ...physiological conditions, but disruption of epithelial cell homeostasis has been observed in several pathologies. During colitis, epithelial cell proliferation decreases and cell death augments. The mechanism responsible for these changes remains unknown. Here, we show that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFNγ contributes to the inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) by inducing the activation of mTORC1. Activation of mTORC1 in response to IFNγ was detected in IECs present along the crypt axis and in colonic macrophages. mTORC1 inhibition enhances cell proliferation, increases DNA damage in IEC. In macrophages, mTORC1 inhibition strongly reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory markers. As a consequence, mTORC1 inhibition exacerbated disease activity, increased mucosal damage, enhanced ulceration, augmented cell infiltration, decreased survival and stimulated tumor formation in a model of colorectal cancer CRC associated to colitis. Thus, our findings suggest that mTORC1 signaling downstream of IFNγ prevents epithelial DNA damage and cancer development during colitis.
•A novel multi-sensor infrared non-dispersive was developed.•The new multi-sensor NDIR was probed to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from river sediments in situ.•A gas extraction ...chamber was designed and built based on the biogas yield under the extraction by ultrasound.•The specific methanogenic activity was measured to evaluate the biogas yield.
A novel multi-sensor infrared non-dispersive was developed and used to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from river sediments. The infrared filters were developed considering the bandwidth (BW) and central wavelength (CWL) of the infrared spectra of gases. Experiments were performed using sediments from the Lerma River taken during the rainy and dry seasons in order to determine the dimensions of sensor and the gas concentration detection limits (SPAN). The sensor and the extraction chamber dimensions were determined based on the biogas yield under the extraction by ultrasound and specific methanogenic activity (SMA), while SPAN values were established from the results of gas concentration measured by gas chromatography. The volume of sensor was 2.23 mL and selected SPAN values were fixed to 20% for CH4 and CO2 from the calibration and the gas obtained from sediments.
Aim: To study the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) in an urban adult Spanish population and its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). ...Methods: We undertook a cross-sectional analysis in a random sample of 2270 individuals (18–80 years of age). All participants provided a clinical history and underwent a physical examination. Blood and urine analyses were conducted. HTGW was diagnosed using anthropometric criteria for the European population (waist circumference: for men, 94 cm; for women, 80 cm) and fasting plasma triglycerides (TGs) 1.71 mmol l−1 (150 mg per 100 ml). Results: The prevalence of HTGW was 14.5% (men: 18.2%, women: 10.8%) and was significantly greater in men <59 years (P<0.001). HTGW was associated with older individuals, a low educational level and, in men, with a sedentary lifestyle (P<0.001). Subjects with HTGW had higher levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and uric acid, lower levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, a higher blood pressure, a greater degree of obesity and a higher prevalence of T2DM (20.00 vs 6.4%, P<0.001) (odds ratio (OR) 3.61; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.60–5.01) and CVD (8.5 vs 3.4%, P<0.001) (OR 2.63; 95% CI, 1.66–4.16). The association of HTGW with T2DM and CVD disappeared after adjusting for age. The degree of concordance between HTGW and the metabolic syndrome (MS) was moderate, with both the Adult Treatment Panel III Report (ATP-III) and the International Diabetes Federation criteria (κ=0.51 and κ=0.58, respectively). Subjects with isolated HTGW as compared with those with isolated MS (ATP-III) were younger, had greater levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c and TGs and a lower prevalence of obesity, high blood pressure and dysglycemia. Conclusion: HTGW is a phenotype of cardiometabolic risk prevalent in the adult population in our environment. HTGW may be an alternative to MS to detect the population at risk for T2DM and CVD, especially in young individuals who do not fulfill the criteria for MS.
Summary
To evaluate the level and factors affecting control of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes (TYPE 2 DM) patients. Multicentre cross‐sectional study: a sample of 430 ...primary care practices across Spain selected 1907 type 2 diabetic patients. The first five consecutive ambulatory patients with TYPE 2 DM were eligible for the inclusion into the survey. Patients were free of known cardiovascular disease (CVD). Control criteria were defined based on 2002 American Diabetes Association (ADA) clinical practice recommendations. A total of 1907 patients (51% women) aged 63 ± 9 years. Smoking prevalence was 22.6%, 50.6% had levels of A1c < 7%. Mean blood pressure (BP) was 148 ± 17/86 ± 10 mmHg. Only 7.8% have achieved the target of BP < 130/80 mmHg. Among the 1180 patients (65%) treated for hypertension, this target was attained in only 4.4% of patients. A measurement for low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was available in 1669 patients (88%). Only 5.9% of patients achieved the target of LDL < 100 mg/dl. Among the 638 patients (41.6%) on drug treatment for dyslipidaemia, this target was attained in only 5.6% of patients. Among type 2 diabetic patients in Spain the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is high. Control of glycaemia, smoking, BP and LDL are far from optimal despite the widespread use of guidelines for the management of diabetes and CVD. The application of published recommendations needs to be reinforced.
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