► There are almost much as fatal trunk injuries as head ones. ► Cervical fractures are due to a hyper extension of the neck. ► Pelvis fractures are linked to a forward trajectory against the tank. ► ...The minimum length of time observed for the rider's impact trunk is 70ms. ► The average motorcycle speed at impact is 37km/h.
This paper summarizes the results obtained within the framework of the French PROMOTO Project (PROtection of the MOTOrcyclist). The aim of this project was to analyze the impact between a motorcycle and a light vehicle from an epidemiological, accidentological and biomechanical point of view. The results have made it possible to outline the most frequent accident configurations such as the “turn on the left” and the most common injuries sustained by motorized two-wheelers (head and trunk). The biomechanic analysis has enabled a better understanding of the kinematics involved in an impact between a motorized two-wheeler and a light vehicle in various accident configurations (chronology and speed impact). While it is well known that motorcyclists frequently receive life threatening injuries to the head, spine and torso, this paper has been able to observe specific injury mechanisms such as pelvis impacts against the vehicle fuel tank and hyper-extension of the neck due to head impact on passenger cars.
A three-dimensional (3D) virtual human body in seated position can be used in a wide range of applications such as basic or clinical research. A male cadaver placed in the driving position in a car ...cockpit was frozen. Strictly parallel 5 mm thickness serial sections were then performed. Both sides of the slices were photographed, scanned and analyzed by anatomists with software tools, in order to produce accurate contours of the identified anatomical structures. A 3D reconstruction of organs, based on the marching cubes method, was achieved except for thin structures. This allowed an anatomical validation of these reconstructed elements. The result of this work is a complete geometrical database of a seated human body in the driving position including skin, all bones, internal organs and main muscle groups.
As Werner Bätzing (2003) points out in his book on Alpine geography, producers who do not emigrate and stay in the Alps do not act from an economic perspective but for social and cultural reasons. To ...resist the climatic, morphological and settlement difficulties, Alpine producers have always been driven to innovate, experimenting with new models, combining various forms of activity and independently creating the services necessary for their activity and social life. Today, after decades characterised by the abandonment of productive activities in the mountains, inventions as a form of resistance is once again one of the main themes of contemporary Alpine spaces. This chapter explores the issue of innovations in equipment, services and production in the Alps from two points of view. The first is that of a new generation of producers, entrepreneurs and project developers who are changing the way of producing in the mountains, by creating networks, sectors and services in the territory. The second is that of architects who experiment with new typological variations and constructive processes on the theme of production buildings in line with recent developments in ways of producing and working.
The objective of this paper is to analyze the difference of the kinematics for different accident configurations involving a power two wheelers (PTW) users and a family car. The difference of the ...speed impact, the angle of impact, the morphology of the rider and the type of PTW (motorcycle/scooter) is studied. This work was based on a numerical approach and about 150 multibody simulations were performed.
Multibody modelling of pedestrian collisions requires the definition of contactimpact between the pedestrian and the vehicle. An examination of relevant impact test data reveals large rate-dependent ...components of the reaction force, permanent indentation, and concomitant energy loss. Contact-impact models previously used in simulations of pedestrian impacts typically have not adequately modelled one, two or all three of these phenomena. This paper presents a phenomenological contact-impact model based on the Hunt-Crossley model of impact, which includes rate-dependent damping, and is extended to include permanent indentation. The proposed model suitably characterises impact test data in a form that can also be implemented in the multibody simulation code MADYMO (Tass-Safe, Netherlands). The proposed contact-impact model was used to characterise the impact between a legform and the bumper of a vehicle, based on two impact tests conducted at different impact speeds. A single contact-impact definition in MADYMO closely reproduced the dynamics of both tests. The proposed model may be suitable in a wide range of impact conditions where the impact is modelled using multibody techniques and it is practicable to conduct impact tests as part of the modelling process. contact-impact properties, impact test, multibody simulation, nonlinear damping, pedestrian collisions
PDF
