The objective of this study is to discuss the micro rheology of mucus (Jeffrey nanofluid) which is a complex biological fluid that protects lungs from pollutants, bacteria, and allergens that can be ...inhaled during the breathing process. To see the insight of pollutants and effect of surrounding temperature in the mucus, momentum, energy, and concentration equations are modeled with the help of metachronal wave formed by cilia beating. The governing system of equations are modeled in the wave and fixed frame and simplified by the lubrication approach. The velocity profile for recovery and effective stroke is compared and it is analyzed that effective stroke possess high magnitude of velocity when compared with the recovery stroke. The flow of mucus with pollutants and surrounding temperature is calculated with homotopy perturbation method and software “MATHEMATICA.” The results within the given domain are convergent under the different parameters appearing into the system of equations. The physical interpretation of involved parameters is explained through graphs.
This paper presents the analysis of two-layer cilia induced flow of Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) fluid with thermal and concentration effect. The Phan-Thien-Tanner fluid model has been used in the analogy ...of mucus present in the respiratory tract. The two-layer model approach was used due to the Peri Ciliary liquid Layer (PCL) and Airway Ciliary Layer (ACL) present on the epithelium cell in respiratory tract. The mathematical modelling of two-layer flow problem was simplified using long wavelength and small Reynold’s number approximation. The resulting differential equation with moving boundary gives exact solution for velocity, temperature and concentration profiles in two layers. The change in pressure has calculated by the results of velocity profile, also the pressure rise was evaluated by the numerical integration of pressure gradient along the channel wall. The impact of physical parameters on pressure rise, velocity, temperature and concentration profile was explained by the graphs. It can be seen from graphs that velocity and temperature profile are maximum in the inner layer of fluid (PCL) and concentration profile is maximum at outer layers of fluid (ACL).
This article explores the flow properties with mass and heat transfer of multilayered flow of two immiscible fluids (Phan-Thien-Tanner and Jeffrey fluid models) flowing due to ciliary beating in a ...channel, which is beneficial in different applications related to bioengineering, biomedical sciences, and medical equipment. Ciliated epithelium in airways is covered with airway surface liquid, which is mainly composed of two different layers. The first one is the mucus layer (Phan-Thien-Tanner fluid), which is a non-Newtonian, viscoelastic fluid, and the second layer is the periciliary liquid layer, which is considered the Jeffery fluid model. The fluid is considered to be incompressible, and layers of fluid do not mix with each other. The fluid flow with mass and heat transfer is first modeled as a wave and then transformed into a fixed frame. Exact solutions for stresses, velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are obtained by simple integration. The behavior of emerging factors is shown graphically (plotted in MATHEMATICA 13.0) in the results section. The key findings from the graphical results show that the middle layer of fluid has the greatest magnitude for velocity and temperature, while the outer layer has the greatest concentration profile. This analysis may be helpful in keeping the airways clear from inhaled pollutants like viruses and bacteria.
Cilia-induced flow of fractional Burgers fluid is studied in an inclined tube for both symplectic and antiplectic wave patterns. The solution of the problem is persued under the long wave length ...limitation. The fractional Adomian decomposition method is employed to evaluate the pressure gradient. Mathematical expressions for the axial velocity, frictional force, pressure gradient, and stream function are obtained and the influence of the main operating parameters is discussed in detail. It is noted that the velocity profile is more dominant in the case of antiplectic metachronal waves compared to symplectic ones, which confirms former results on the better capability of antiplectic waves to transport mucus, obtained with more complex numerical solvers.
The present study is a measurement of the thermal and mass transfer of a two-layered flow of viscous fluid induced by cilia motion under the effect of buoyancy forces through a channel. Cilia are ...mostly of two classes: motile and non-motile cilia for locomotion and sensory processing. Cilia tissue cells are epithelia lining the lungs that sweep away liquids or solids, and organisms that have cilia are protozoans that use them for movements are the examples. The ciliary apparatus is related to cell cycle movement and proliferation, and cilia display an energetic fragment in human and animal development and in ordinary life. The fluid is considered to be incompressible, and layers of fluid do not mix with each other. The fluid flow for mass and thermal transfer is modelled in wave and fixed frame. Solutions for temperature, velocity of fluid, and concentration profile are obtained using a well-known method, namely the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), by the computation software "MATHEMATICA". The behavior of emerging parameters is shown graphically in the results section. Graphical results can be analyzed for the temperature and velocity profile, which are extreme in the inner layer for both fluid and concentration distribution and are highest at the external layers of fluid. It is the first study not examined in the literature.
This study uses a metaphor to describe the motion of cilia with heat and mass transfer, and it highlights the importance of research for understanding biological function. This research article ...depicts analysis of double-layer of cilia induced flow for non-Newtonian (Ellis fluid) with additional effects of thermal and concentration fields. The Ellis fluid model is considering as mucus present in Human bronchial airways. Respiratory tract and bronchial airways consisted of ciliated epithelium which is further divided into two layers, Airway Ciliary Layer (ACL) and Peri Ciliary liquid Layer (PCL). Due to which double-layer model has been constructed in this investigation. Mathematical modeling of double-layer flow problem has been simplified using long-wavelength and small-Reynolds number approximation. Consequent governing equations with boundary conditions gives an exact/accurate result for velocity field, temperature distribution and concentration distribution in double-layers. The influence of emerging parameters on velocity profile, temperature distribution, concentration field was illuminated by graphs and discussed comprehensively. Contour plots have also been plotted to visualize flow pattern in both layers. Evidenced graphs show that velocity profile and temperature profile are the highest in inner layer of fluid (PCL) and concentration profile is the highest at outer layers of fluid (ACL).
Mucociliary clearance plays a crucial role within the respiratory system as an initial protective mechanism against infections. Hence, it is imperative to validate any assumptions made regarding the ...mucociliary clearance and its impact on its functionality. This study examines flow of two-dimensional Reiner-Philippoff fluid within a ciliated channel, resulting in the separation of the fluid into two immiscible layers due to variations in viscosity. The governing equations are shortened through utilization of the long wavelength and Reynolds number (low) approximation. The impacts of emerging parameters are examined through the utilization of graphical representations. It has been observed that when there are variations in fluid properties, such as density, thermal conductivity, and viscosity between two neighboring zones, concept of a peripheral layer should be employed in order to achieve more accurate and realistic outcomes. The figures indicate that an increase in viscosities, thermal conductivities, and fluid characteristics leads to an elevation in temperature field in both layers. Moreover, the potential future scope of this study holds the promise of making substantial contributions to the comprehension of intricate fluid dynamics and fostering the advancement of novel technologies that can be practically applied across various domains. Additional research into the thermal characteristics of the system may contribute to a deeper comprehension of the complex interplay between temperature fluctuations and the dynamics of Reiner-Philippoff fluids. This has the potential to facilitate the advancement of thermal control mechanisms or the investigation of temperature-responsive materials for the purpose of manipulating fluid flow properties.
Non-Newtonian fluids flow generated by “cilia” are critical in medicine and bio-medical engineering. Such investigations are created by the back-and-forth movement of a microscopic hair-like ...structure connected to the walls, which causes a metachronal wave to form and drive biological fluids. Motivated by a wide range of biological applications, this study aims to explain the incompressible flow of Ellis fluid caused by the propagation of an infinite metachronal wave train traveling along channel walls owing to constantly beating cilia. The problem is simplified by low Reynolds number and long wavelength assumption. The mathematical model is solved with the aid of symbolic computational software Mathematica 13 version. The consequences of emerging parameters are then shown in graphical form and discussed comprehensively. From the study, it is worth mentioning that velocity declines with increasing material constants. Temperature distribution is also improved in the core sector of the channel and reduced at the walls. It is predicted that this approach will make an essential contribution to the progress and enhancement of various types of drug delivery systems in the biomedical industry and biomechanics.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood borne, circular and positive single stranded virus with high spread rates. With the passage of time the frequency of HCV is increasing in different parts of the ...world. HCV is a major cause, which may end in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV has six main genotypes with many subtypes, which have variable sequence homology with each other. Symptoms can appear anytime from 2weeks to 6months, which include jaundice, fatigue, gray-colored stool, joint pain, belly pain, weakness, anorexia, itchy skin and dark urine. Genotyping is more significant for planning of HCV treatment period and helps to cure HCV infections. For the quantification and identification of hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid, many molecular techniques are performed; the most significant are HCV ELISA, quantitative HCV-RNA PCR and recombinant immunoblot assay. PCR is the major technique targeting 5′ untranslated region (UTR). HCV can be transmitted by contaminated blood, ear and nose piercing and contaminated medical instruments. To overcome the rate of HCV, guidance should be provided to make aware the persons about risk factors, transmission and prevention. Discovery and designing of new therapies and vaccines to overcome this disease are the necessity of the present era. Four types of vaccines such as vector vaccines, peptide vaccines, DNA vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines are available in clinical trials.
•3D heat transfer induced by a single bubble rising has been performed.•Heat transfer mechanism with MHD effect and wall effect has been revealed.•The shift of the local maximum Nu at hot wall occurs ...with MHD effect.•A heat transfer correlation based d/W and N is proposed.
The dynamics of a rising bubble and its effects on heat transfer in a liquid metal cavity under a horizontal magnetic field are numerically investigated adopting a VOF method for various non-dimensional bubble diameters (d/W = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8). The results show that the terminal velocity of rising bubble increases with the non-dimensional diameter, which accelerates the bubble-induced upward flow of liquid metal and improves the heat transfer rate. The terminal velocity decreases by increasing the magnetic field strength (B0), primarily due to the increased drag coefficient. The thermal boundary layer around the bubble base is disturbed and gets thinner because of the bubble shape elongated under the action of Lorentz's force, which leads to an increment in local Nusselt number. However, in the bubble wake zone, the local Nusselt number is reduced significantly since the vorticity shed generated below the rising bubble is much weaker in the presence of a magnetic field. Therefore, for larger bubbles (d/W ≥ 0.6) a notable shift of the Nusselt number peak from the wake zone to the bubble base is observed after applying a strong magnetic field. Moreover, a correlation based on d/W and Interaction parameter (N) is developed to predict the average Nusselt number.
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