Being a key feature of a glassy state, low temperature relaxation has important implications on the mechanical behavior of glasses; however, the mechanism of low temperature relaxation is still an ...open issue, which has been debated for decades. By systematically investigating the influences of cooling rate and pressure on low temperature relaxation in the Zr50Cu50 metallic glasses, it is found that even though pressure does induce pronounced local structural change, the low temperature-relaxation behavior of the metallic glass is affected mainly by cooling rate, not by pressure. According to the atomic displacement and connection mode analysis, we further demonstrate that the low temperature relaxation is dominated by the dispersion degree of fast dynamic atoms rather than the most probable atomic nonaffine displacement. Our finding provides the direct atomic-level evidence that the intrinsic heterogeneity is the key factor that determines the low temperature-relaxation behavior of the metallic glasses.
Intestinal mucositis is a serious toxic side effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi decoction (BZYQD), a water extract of Chinese traditional herbal medicine, is widely used in ...chemotherapy in Asia as an alternative treatment to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. However, the mechanism is unknown. To evaluate its mechanism, we investigated the effect of BZYQD on 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis in mice, especially with regard to apoptosis in the intestinal mucosal epithelia. In the present study, mice were divided into three groups: control, 5-FU, and 5-FU + BZYQD. Mice in the 5-FU and 5-FU + BZYQD groups were administered 5-FU (100 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) for 6 days, and the mice in the latter group were given BZYQD (8 g/kg/day, intragastrically) beginning 4 days before 5-FU and continuing until the termination of the experiment. Loss in body weight and diarrhea during the 5-FU treatment were significantly attenuated by administration of BZYQD. The morphological signs of intestinal damage, including shortened villi height, crypt destruction, apoptosis, and necrosis, in intestinal mucosal epithelia were also reversed, accompanied by reduced neutrophil infiltration, nitrite levels, and inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β) and increased levels of reduced glutathione. These results suggest that BZYQD inhibits 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis, and this effect may be due to the reduction in apoptosis and necrosis in intestinal mucosal epithelia via the suppression of inflammatory cytokine upregulation. In conclusion, inhibiting cytokine-mediated apoptosis or necrosis can be the molecular mechanism by which BZYQD reduces the gastrointestinal side effects of cancer chemotherapy.
Amorphous solids lack long-range order. Therefore identifying structural defects -- akin to dislocations in crystalline solids -- that carry plastic flow in these systems remains a daunting ...challenge. By comparing many different structural indicators in computational models of glasses, under a variety of conditions we carefully assess which of these indicators are able to robustly identify the structural defects responsible for plastic flow in amorphous solids. We further demonstrate that the density of defects changes as a function of material preparation and strain in a manner that is highly correlated with the macroscopic material response. Our work represents an important step towards predicting how and when an amorphous solid will fail from its microscopic structure.
•Build a 3D quantitative sculpture geological model without well logging data.•N2 huff and puff technique can be applied to alleviate the water conning in the fracture-vuggy reservoirs.•Propose a ...method to design the N2 huff and puff process in the fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.•The injected gas volume and the liquid production rate are crucial to the N2 huff and puff performance.
In Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China, although the carbonate reservoir displays poor porosity and permeability in matrix, the fractured-vuggy system distributes in a random, discreet and discontinuous way, which could yield high oil rates once the fractured-vuggy system is connected by production wells. The fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs consist a group of large caves which are inter-connected with high permeable fractures. Due to the lack of powerful and suitable IOR (Improved Oil Recovery) strategies, the depletion recovery is usually applied at the beginning for a fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir. During the depletion process, the elastic energy of the cave formation starts to decrease, which will cause insufficient liquid supply. Then, the water was injected to improve the oil recovery when the energy (pressure) is the main reason for the insufficient production performance of the well. However, if the high water cut is the main reason, alternative IOR techniques such as the N2 huff and puff method could be utilized. This paper mainly researches the application of N2 huff and puff in a fracture-vuggy carbonate reservoir, where the critical parameters for designing the N2 huff and puff process are proposed. In addition, the proposed method is applied to Well SX to serve as a practical example. Based on the three-dimensional (3D) quantitative sculpture geological model and the dynamic production analysis, the critical parameters for N2 huff and puff are obtained by numerical simulation. In addition, the obtained parameters are validated by the field data, which proves that the proposed method can be applied to design the critical parameters for simulating the N2 huff and puff process in a fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir.
Background and Aims
Virus detection is essential in programs in which virus‐tested plants are required. The aim of this study was to establish in vitro biological methods for indexing grapevine ...leafroll‐associated virus‐3 (GLRaV‐3) in red‐ and white‐berried grapevines.
Methods and Results
Healthy, red‐berried grapevine Cabernet Sauvignon CaSa (H) was used as a rootstock in micrografting experiments with virus‐infected Cabernet Sauvignon CaSa (VI) and Chardonnay Ch (VI) scions. Vascular bundles connecting the rootstock and scions developed, and 100% of the micrografts survived 3 and 4 weeks after micrografting, respectively. Symptoms of GLRaV‐3 were expressed in 80 and 20% of CaSa (H) rootstocks micrografted with CaSa (VI) and with Ch (VI) scions, respectively, 12 weeks after micrografting. The rootstock CaSa (H) that had been micrografted with CaSa (VI) and Ch (VI) scions for 5 weeks was subsequently cultured on half‐strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 75 mmol/L NaCl to induce salt stress. The GLRaV‐3 symptoms were expressed in 88% of micrografts CaSa (VI)/CaSa (H) and 85% of micrografts Ch (VI)/CaSa (H) after 5 weeks of salt stress. Reddish‐purple leaf coloration and downward rolling were observed in CaSa (H) rootstocks that were micrografted with CaSa (VI) scions, while leaf downward rolling and yellowing were seen in CaSa (H) rootstocks that were micrografted with Ch (VI) scions.
Conclusions
Salt stress improved in vitro biological indexing of GLRaV‐3 in grapevines.
Significance of the Study
Establishment of in vitro micrografting and salt stress provided alternative methods for indexing of GLRaV‐3 in red‐ and white‐berried grapevines.
► The TTP and TTT curves of 6082 alloy were obtained. ► The constants
k
2–
k
5 and critical temperature region for 6082 alloy were identified. ► Quench sensitivity was analyzed in view of the ...transformation kinetics. ► Quenching rate should be more than 15
°C/s at the sensitive temperature zone.
The quench sensitivity of 6082 aluminum alloy was investigated by time–temperature–property (TTP) curves. The sensitive temperature of quenching ranges from 250
°C to 440
°C in 6082 Al-alloy, and the nose temperature is about 360
°C. During isothermal treatment process, the Mg
2Si particles precipitate from the supersaturated solid solution, and the precipitation rate is the highest at the nose temperature. A number of rod-shaped β′ and β particles precipitate in the early stage of isothermal treatment at 360
°C. Prolonging the holding time leads to more and coarser β particles in the matrix. Both the precipitation of β′ and β particles results in loss of solute and decreasing of the subsequent age hardening effect. Also, the important coefficients
k
2–
k
5 and critical cooling rate for 6082 Al-alloy are identified, and the properties after different rates of cooling were predicted using quench factor analysis.
•Controllable and preferential growth of NiO films were performed successfully on Si substrates.•Oxygen partial pressure lower than 6% is crucial for transformation of the preferential growth.•The ...film deposition rate is very sensitive to the low oxygen partial pressure.•NiO lattice expands quadratically with the increasing of oxygen partial pressures.•The films contain high concentration of Ni vacancies and show a good rectifying behavior with p-Si.
NiO films were grown on Si substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The films were analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and SCS-4200 semiconductor characterization system. Evolution of the growth mode, lattice strain, morphology, chemistry states and electrical properties were investigated systematically. The film deposition rates and properties are very sensitive to the oxygen partial pressure lower than 10%. It is crucial to decrease the oxygen partial pressure to 2% for (111) film growth and the films would transform from (111) to (100) as the oxygen partial pressure increases from 2% to 6%. The film lattice expands quadratically with the increase of oxygen partial pressure. Nickel vacancy concentration in (111) films is much higher than that in (100) films. All (100) films show good rectifying behavior with p-Si. The film growth modes and properties could be modulated flexibly by controlling the oxygen partial pressures.
Experimental investigations on atmospheric steam-water two-phase flow regimes and transitions in two transparent narrow rectangular channels with cross-section areas of 1 mm × 20 mm and 2 mm × 20 mm ...were carried out under conditions of 0.007 ≤ Jf ≤ 0.27 m s−1, 0.05 ≤ Jg ≤ 65.2 m s−1, 0 < q ≤ 18 kW m−2. Four flow patterns were observed in narrow rectangular horizontal channels under heated condition, i.e., bubbly flow, slug flow, churn flow and annular flow. New dryout phenomenon of annular flow was observed under high wall heat flux conditions. The liquid phase occupies half of the middle of narrow channel above the bottom rectangular plate. Below the top plate, liquid phase is concentrated to a slender streamline in the middle of upper half narrow channel by high speed steam flow. For the flow regime transitions, the critical values of void fraction for transitions from bubbly flow to slug flow, slug flow to churn flow, and churn flow to annular flow in narrow rectangular horizontal channels under heated condition are 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9, respectively. The heat flux decays flow regime transitions because the generated bubbles from heated wall surfaces promote the separation of bubbles in the upstream and downstream. Flow regime transitions under larger surface tension condition need greater vapor phase velocities to disturb the mainflow. In a general, new flow regime transition criteria were developed and can present excellent predictions for the present data of flow regimes and transitions in narrow rectangular horizontal channels under heated condition.
Display omitted
•Flow pattern data of steam-water two-phase in narrow rectangular channels are obtained.•The effect of heat flux on flow pattern transition is analyzed.•New flow regime transition criterias in narrow rectangular horizontal channels are developed.
Incineration has been proposed as an alternative technology to reuse animal manure by producing energy and ash fertilizers. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of incineration ...temperature on the physical (ash yield) and chemical (nutrient) properties of ashes for different types of animal manure and cornstalk. The source materials were incinerated in a temperature-controlled muffle furnace at the temperature of 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 or 900
°C and the properties of the resultant ashes were determined following the procedures set by China National Standards. The results indicated that ash yield (AY, %), total nitrogen (TN) recovery and total potassium (K
2O) recovery all decreased with increasing incineration temperature. The ranges of AY, ash TN and K
2O recovery were, respectively, 43.6–30.2%, 6.9–0.6%, and 80–61% for laying-hen manure; 34.3–32.1%, 18.8–15.4%, and 95–56% for cattle manure; 25.3–20.7%, 14–0%, and 78–57% for swine manure; and 8.4–7.5%, 2.1–1.4%, and 37–19% for cornstalk. However, total phosphorus (P
2O
5) content of the ashes increased with incineration temperature, being 20.7–24.0% for swine manure, 4.5–7.5% for layer manure, and 2.7–3.4% for cornstalk. Animal manures have greater TN and P
2O
5 volatilization but less K
2O and total sodium (Na
2O) volatilization as compared to the cornstalk. The results provide a basis for incineration as an alternative means to reuse animal manures and cornstalk and suitability of the resultant ash co-product for different applications.
PDF
