In every network, traffic anomaly detection system is an essential field of study. In the communication system, there are various protocols and intrusions. It is still a testing area to find high ...precision to boost the correct distribution ratio. Many authors have worked on various algorithms such as simple classification,
-Means, Genetic Algorithm, and Support Vector Machine approaches, and they presented the efficiency and accuracy of these algorithms. In this article, we have proposed a feature extraction technique known as “
-means clustering,” which has its roots in signal processing and is employed to divide a set of
observations into k clusters, each of which has its origin from the observation with the closest mean.
-Means method is applied in this study to investigate the stream and its implementation and applications using Python and the dataset on the KDDcup99. The effectiveness of the outcome indicates the planned work’s efficiency in relation to other widely available alternatives. Apart from the applied method, a web-based framework is designed, which can inspect an actual network traffic packet for identifying network attacks. Instead of using a static file for testing the network attack, a web page-based solution uses database to collect and test the information. Real-time packet inspection is provided in the proposed work for identifying new attacks.
The paper aims to utilize an integral transform, specifically the Khalouta transform, an abstraction of various integral transforms, to address fractional differential equations using both ...Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivative. We discuss some results and the existence of this integral transform. In addition, we also discuss the duality between Shehu transform and Khalouta transform. The numerical examples are provided to confirm the applicability and correctness of the proposed method for solving fractional differential equations.
2010 Mathematics Classification
Primary 92B05, 92C60; Secondary 26A33.
Measurement of drug solubility is one of the key elements of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) characterization during the drug discovery and development process. This report is a critical ...review of experimental methods reported in the literature for the measurement of aqueous solubility of amorphous, partially crystalline and crystalline organic compounds. A summary of high-throughput automated methods used in early drug discovery research is also provided in this report. This review summarizes the challenges that are encountered during solubility measurement and the complexities that are often overlooked. Even though there is an advantage in using the amorphous form of a drug due to its higher solubility, measurement of its solubility with useful accuracy is still a practical problem. Therefore, this review provides recommendations of preferred methods and precautions in using these methods to determine the aqueous solubility of amorphous and crystalline new molecular entities, with emphasis on the physico-chemical characterization of the solid state of the test substance.
In the present research work, activating flux tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) weld joints of AISI 409 ferritic stainless steel was subjected to post weld heat treatment at 750 °C followed by the air ...cooling. To study the effect of tempering time on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the weld fusion zone, tempering time was varied from 2 to 10 h. The current study also demonstrated the comprehensive microstructure–mechanical property relationships using the collective techniques of optical and electron microscopy, electron dispersive X-ray analysis techniques, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results indicated that the Charpy toughness of the fusion zone improved after 2 and 4 h of tempering, but the further stretch in tempering time resulted in a drastic drop in Charpy toughness. The shape of the sulphide inclusions was found to be an important factor in deciding the Charpy toughness of the A-TIG weld fusion zone. Maximum impact energy of 116 ± 9 J was observed by the sample tempered for 4 h.
A continuous diode pumped ytterbium laser was used for alloying of molybdenum on Al 1100 to improve its wear resistance. Microstructural and phase analysis was conducted using scanning electron ...microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Dry wear sliding studies using a pin on disk apparatus at room temperature under a constant normal load of 9N indicated the increase in wear resistance of laser alloyed coatings. The enhancement in the wear resistance is mainly due to the presence of Al8Mo3 and Al5Mo intermetallic phases within the alloyed surface and their superior physical properties predicted by the first principle calculations.
•Under the set of optimum laser processing conditions dense coatings were obtained.•Laser surface alloying forms various intermetallics with exotic microstructure.•Formation of intermetallics mainly depended on the laser energy density.•The nature of chemical bonding and Vickers hardness has influenced the wear resistance.
•Heat capacity data do not yield the solubility advantage of amorphous and metastable crystal pharmaceuticals.•There is no reversible equilibrium of an amorphous solid with its saturated ...solution.•Solubility advantage of an amorphous solid depends upon the solvent and other interactions.
At equilibrium, the saturation solubility and vapor pressure of a material in a state of high free energy are greater than in its state of low free energy. This knowledge from classical thermodynamics is currently used for increasing the solubility of crystalline pharmaceuticals by producing them in their glassy state, or in other solid states of high free energy. The ratio of the apparent saturation solubility of these solids to that of a crystal, calculated from the thermodynamic data of the pure solute, ϕcal, is called the solubility advantage, and it is used as a guide for increasing the solubility of a pharmaceutical. We argue that the ϕcal differs from the measured solubility ratio, ϕmeas, because, (i) ϕcal is independent of the solvent, but ϕmeas is not so, (ii) ϕcal would increase with the dissolution time monotonically to a constant value, but ϕmeas would first reach a maximum and then decrease, and (iii) approximations are made in estimating ϕcal and the effect of thermal history on high free energy solids is ignored. On the other hand, ϕmeas is affected by, (a) another chemical equilibrium in the solution, e.g., hydrogen-bond formation and ionic dissociation, (b) the production method and thermal history of a glass or an amorphous samples, and (c) mutarotation in the solution, isomerization or tautomeric conversion in the solid. We also discuss the effects of structural relaxation and crystallization on ϕmeas. The ϕmeas value of a (crystal) polymorph would be affected by all the three, and further if the polymorph is orientationally disordered. We provide evidence for these effects from analysis of the known data. The ϕmeas value is preferable over ϕcal.
High significant importance in energy and environmental research, its non-toxic and non-flammable character and relatively abundance and environmental friendly nature, Titanium Dioxide is an ...interesting Transition Metal Oxide. With its good corrosion resistance property it is also used as pigment in paint colours and in the coatings. A potential candidate for high-temperature gas sensing applications bleveraging its nanoparticles due to its notable excellent sensitivity and stability. It is also attractive due to its significance as photocatalysts in solar cells as a semiconductor material. In this ab-initio study, we designed a 2D H2-TiO2 heterostructure considering rutile and anatase based and observed comparative variation in diverse properties of Titanium Dioxide due to Hydrogen Gas. In this ab-initio study, we designed a 2D both rutile and anatase based H2-TiO2 hetrostructure and observed comparative variation in diverse properties of Titanium Dioxide due to Hydrogen Gas considering potential application in Hydrogen Fuel based engine and container where TiO2 is used. In this study we presented its predicted impact under high pressure inside the border exertion of DFT exhausting Quantum ESPRESSO software using High Performance Computing and comparatively investigated and discussed various related properties of the heterostructure.
Abstract
Plasticized Poly (vinylidene chloride- co- acrylonitrile) P(VdC-co-AN) polymer electrolytes comprising of Lithium Perchloride (LiClO
4
) as complexing salt and plasticizers such as Propylene ...carbonate (PC) and
β
-butyrolactone (
β
bl) is prepared by solution casting technique. Polymer electrolytes were prepared in the ratio (x)PVdC-co-PAN+(100-x-z) Plasticizer+(z) LiClO
4
and were subjected to various characterizations. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were carried out to study the structural and functional groups present in the material. Impedance spectroscopy to find the ionic conductivity of the material. The maximum ionic conductivity at room temperature was exhibited by the samples containing 68% PC (9.237 × 10
−4
S cm
−1
) and 66% of
β
bl (2.284 × 10
−4
S cm
−1
). Samples exhibiting higher ionic conductivity (68% PC and 66% of
β
bl) are subjected to Linear sweep voltammetry and transference number measurements. The electrochemical stability is 4.5 v for the both films, whereas transference number is 0.955 and 0.94, respectively. Thermogravimetry/Differential Thermal analysis (TG/DTA) shows the prepared films doesn’t not undergo any weight loss till 220 °C (thermally stable). The surface morphology of the polymer membrane was explored through Atomic force microscopy (AFM).
