We present the quasi-stellar object (QSO) luminosity function (LF) of the completed 2dF–SDSS LRG and QSO (2SLAQ) survey, based on QSOs photometrically selected from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) ...imaging data and then observed spectroscopically using the 2dF instrument on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. We analyse 10 637 QSOs in the redshift range 0.4 < z < 2.6 to a g-band flux limit of 21.85 (extinction-corrected) and an absolute continuum magnitude of Mg(z= 2) < −21.5. This sample covers an area of 191.9 deg2. The binned QSO LF agrees with that of the brighter SDSS main QSO sample, but extends ∼2.5 mag fainter, clearly showing the flattening of the LF towards faint absolute magnitudes. 2SLAQ finds an excess of QSOs compared to the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey at g > 20.0, as found previously by Richards et al. The LF is consistent with other previous, much smaller, samples produced to the depth of 2SLAQ. By combining the 2SLAQ and SDSS QSO samples, we produce a QSO LF with an unprecedented combination of precision and dynamic range. With this we are able to accurately constrain both the bright and faint ends of the QSO LF. While the overall trends seen in the evolution of the QSO LF appear similar to pure luminosity evolution, the data show very significant departures from such a model. Most notably we see clear evidence that the number density of faint QSOs peaks at lower redshift than bright QSOs: QSOs with Mg > −23 have space densities which peak at z < 1, while QSOs at Mg < −26 peak at z > 2. By fitting simple LF models in narrow Mg intervals, we find that this downsizing is significant at the 99.98 per cent level. We show that LF models which follow the pure luminosity evolution form i.e. M*g≡M*g(z), but with a redshift-dependent bright-end slope and an additional density evolution term, Φ*≡Φ*(z), provide a much improved fit to the data. The bright-end slope, α, steepens from α≃−3.0 at z≃ 0.5 to α=−3.5 at z≃ 2.5. This steepening is significant at the 99.9 per cent level. We find a decline in Φ* from z≃ 0.5 to 2.5 which is significant at the 94 per cent level.
We find that X-ray sources in the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South are strongly spatially correlated with Large APEX Bolometer Camera (LABOCA) 870 μm sources. We investigate the dependence of this ...correlation on X-ray flux, hardness ratio and column density, finding that specifically faint and absorbed X-ray sources are significant sub-mm emitters. In the X-ray source redshift subsample we confirm the previous result that higher luminosity sources (L
X > 1044 erg s−1) have greater 870 μm fluxes but we also find that this subsample selects against absorbed sources, faint in X-ray flux. Overall, we find that X-ray sources contribute 1.5 ± 0.1 Jy deg−2 to the sub-mm background, ≈3 per cent of the total, in agreement with the prediction of an obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN) model which also gives a reasonable fit to the bright sub-mm source counts. This non-unified model also suggests that when Compton-thick, X-ray-undetected sources are included, then the fractional AGN contribution to the sub-mm background would rise from ≈3 per cent to a total of 25-40 per cent, although in a unified model the AGN contribution would only reach ≈13 per cent, because the sub-mm flux of the X-ray sources is then more representative of the whole AGN population. Measurements of the dependence of sub-mm flux on X-ray flux, luminosity and column density all agree well with the predictions of the non-unified AGN model. Heavily absorbed, X-ray-undetected AGN could explain the further cross-correlation we find between sub-mm sources and z > 0.5 red galaxies. We conclude that sub-mm galaxies may contain the long-sought absorbed AGN population needed to explain the X-ray background.
ABSTRACT
Taking advantage of ∼4700 deg2 optical coverage of the Southern sky offered by the VST ATLAS survey, we construct a new catalogue of photometrically selected galaxy groups and clusters using ...the orca cluster detection algorithm. The catalogue contains ∼22 000 detections with N200 > 10 and ∼9000 with N200 > 20. We estimate the photometric redshifts of the clusters using machine learning and find the redshift distribution of the sample to extend to z ∼ 0.7, peaking at z ∼ 0.25. We calibrate the ATLAS cluster mass-richness scaling relation using masses from the MCXC, Planck, ACT DR5, and SDSS redMaPPer cluster samples. We estimate the ATLAS sample to be $\gt 95~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ complete and $\gt 85~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ pure at z < 0.35 and in the M200m>$1\times 10^{14}h^{-1}\, \mbox{M}_\odot$ mass range. At z < 0.35, we also find the ATLAS sample to be more complete than redMaPPer, recovering a $\sim 40~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ higher fraction of Abell clusters. This higher sample completeness places the amplitude of the z < 0.35 ATLAS cluster mass function closer to the predictions of a ΛCDM model with parameters based on the Planck CMB analyses, compared to the mass functions of the other cluster samples. However, strong tensions between the observed ATLAS mass functions and models remain. We shall present a detailed cosmological analysis of the ATLAS cluster mass functions in paper II. In the future, optical counterparts to X-ray-detected eROSITA clusters can be identified using the ATLAS sample. The catalogue is also well suited for auxiliary spectroscopic target selection in 4MOST. The ATLAS cluster catalogue is publicly available at http://astro.dur.ac.uk/cosmology/vstatlas/cluster_catalogue/.
We present the results of a project to develop a proof of concept for a novel hyperspectral imager based on the use of advanced micro-optics technology. The technology gives considerably more spatial ...elements than a classic pushbroom which translates into far more light being integrated per unit of time. This permits us to observe at higher spatial and/or spectral resolution, darker targets and under lower illumination, as in the early morning. Observations of faint glow at night should also be possible but need further studies. A full instrument for laboratory demonstration and field tests has now been built and tested. It has about 10,000 spatial elements and spectra 150 pixel long. It is made of a set of cylindrical fore-optics followed by a new innovative optical system called a microslice Integral Field Unit (IFU) which is itself followed by a standard spectrograph. The fore-optics plus microslice IFU split the field into a large number of small slit-like images that are dispersed in the spectrograph. Our goal is to build instruments with at least hundreds of thousands of spatial elements.
ABSTRACT
The integrated Sachs–Wolfe (ISW) effect probes the late-time expansion history of the Universe, offering direct constraints on dark energy. Here, we present our measurements of the ISW ...signal at redshifts of $\bar{z}=0.35$, 0.55, and 0.68, using the cross-correlation of the Planck cosmic microwave background temperature map with ∼0.5 million luminous red galaxies (LRGs) selected from the VST ATLAS survey. We then combine these with previous measurements based on WMAP and similar SDSS LRG samples, providing a total sample of ∼2.1 million LRGs covering ∼12 000 deg2 of sky. At $\bar{z}=0.35$ and $\bar{z}=0.55$, we detect the ISW signal at 1.2σ and 2.3σ (or 2.6σ combined), in agreement with the predictions of lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM). We verify these results by repeating the measurements using the BOSS LOWZ and CMASS, spectroscopically confirmed LRG samples. We also detect the ISW effect in three magnitude limited ATLAS + SDSS galaxy samples extending to z ≈ 0.4 at ∼2σ per sample. However, we do not detect the ISW signal at $\bar{z}=0.68$ when combining the ATLAS and SDSS results. Further tests using spectroscopically confirmed eBOSS LRGs at this redshift remain inconclusive due to the current low sky coverage of the survey. If the ISW signal is shown to be redshift dependent in a manner inconsistent with the predictions of ΛCDM, it could open the door to alternative theories such as modified gravity. It is therefore important to repeat the high-redshift ISW measurement using the completed eBOSS sample, as well as deeper upcoming surveys such as DESI and LSST.
ABSTRACT
We present results from a survey of galaxies in the fields of six z ≥ 3 damped Lyman α (Lyα) systems (DLAs) using the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) at the Very Large Telescope ...(VLT). We report a high detection rate of up to ${\approx } 80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of galaxies within 1000 km s−1 from DLAs and with impact parameters between 25 and 280 kpc. In particular, we discovered five high-confidence Lyα emitters associated with three DLAs, plus up to nine additional detections across five of the six fields. The majority of the detections are at relatively large impact parameters (>50 kpc) with two detections being plausible host galaxies. Among our detections, we report four galaxies associated with the most metal-poor DLA in our sample (Z/Z⊙ = −2.33 ± 0.22), which trace an overdense structure resembling a filament. By comparing our detections with predictions from the Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) cosmological simulations and a semi-analytic model designed to reproduce the observed bias of DLAs at z > 2, we conclude that our observations are consistent with a scenario in which a significant fraction of DLAs trace the neutral regions within haloes with a characteristic mass of $M_{\rm h} \approx 10^{11}-10^{12}~\rm M_\odot$, in agreement with the inference made from the large-scale clustering of DLAs. We finally show how larger surveys targeting ≈25 absorbers have the potential of constraining the characteristic masses of haloes hosting high-redshift DLAs with sufficient accuracy to discriminate between different models.
We present the first discoveries from a survey of z 6 quasars using imaging data from the DECam Legacy Survey (DECaLS) in the optical, the UKIRT Deep Infrared Sky Survey (UKIDSS) and a preliminary ...version of the UKIRT Hemisphere Survey (UHS) in the near-IR, and ALLWISE in the mid-IR. DECaLS will image 9000 deg2 of sky down to zAB ∼ 23.0, and UKIDSS and UHS will map the northern sky at 0 < decl. < +60°, reaching JVEGA ∼ 19.6 (5- ). The combination of these data sets allows us to discover quasars at redshift z 7 and to conduct a complete census of the faint quasar population at z 6. In this paper, we report on the selection method of our search, and on the initial discoveries of two new, faint z 6 quasars and one new z = 6.63 quasar in our pilot spectroscopic observations. The two new z ∼ 6 quasars are at z = 6.07 and z = 6.17 with absolute magnitudes at rest-frame wavelength 1450 being M1450 = −25.83 and M1450 = −25.76, respectively. These discoveries suggest that we can find quasars close to or fainter than the break magnitude of the Quasar Luminosity Function (QLF) at z 6. The new z = 6.63 quasar has an absolute magnitude of M1450 = −25.95. This demonstrates the potential of using the combined DECaLS and UKIDSS/UHS data sets to find z 7 quasars. Extrapolating from previous QLF measurements, we predict that these combined data sets will yield ∼200 z ∼ 6 quasars to zAB < 21.5, ∼1000 z ∼ 6 quasars to zAB < 23, and ∼30 quasars at z > 6.5 to JVEGA < 19.5.
Abstract
We report the results of the 2dF-VST ATLAS Cold Spot galaxy redshift survey (2CSz) based on imaging from VST ATLAS and spectroscopy from 2dF AAOmega over the core of the CMB Cold Spot. We ...sparsely surveyed the inner 5° radius of the Cold Spot to a limit of i
AB ≤ 19.2, sampling ∼7000 galaxies at z < 0.4. We have found voids at z = 0.14, 0.26 and 0.30 but they are interspersed with small overdensities, and the scale of these voids is insufficient to explain the Cold Spot through the ΛCDM ISW effect. Combining with previous data out to z ∼ 1, we conclude that the CMB Cold Spot could not have been imprinted by a void confined to the inner core of the Cold Spot. Additionally, we find that our ‘control’ field GAMA G23 shows a similarity in its galaxy redshift distribution to the Cold Spot. Since the GAMA G23 line of sight shows no evidence of a CMB temperature decrement, we conclude that the Cold Spot may have a primordial origin rather than being due to line-of-sight effects.
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