Treatment of malignant glioma is therapeutically challenging. Despite improvements in neurosurgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, few patients diagnosed with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) or ...glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (WHO grades 3 and 4, respectively) will live beyond 2 years. Poor survival is due to the highly invasive nature and protected location of these tumours. Most malignant gliomas cannot be completely resected or irradiated due to their ability to infiltrate diffusely into normal brain tissue. Brain tissue is protected from the systemic circulation via the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which impedes entry of water-soluble chemotherapeutic agents into the tumour at therapeutic concentrations.
131
I-chTNT-1/B mAb (Cotara
®
) employs an innovative strategy to treat the invasive portion of the tumour and the core lesion.
131
I-chTNT-1/B mAb is a genetically engineered, radiolabelled, chimeric monoclonal antibody specific for a universal intracellular antigen (i.e., DNA/histone H1 complex) exposed in the necrotic core of malignant gliomas. This antigen provides an abundant, insoluble, non-diffusible anchor for the mAb. Once localised to necrotic regions of the tumour,
131
I-chTNT-1/B mAb delivers a cytotoxic dose of
131
I radiation to the core lesion.
131
I-chTNT-1/B mAb is delivered via convection-enhanced delivery in order to maximise coverage to the tumour and the invasive front of the glial tumour. The clinical experience to date with
131
I-chTNT-1/B mAb is presented.
The risk of breast cancer in relation to oral contraceptive use was evaluated in a case-control study of 1191 patients with breast cancer and 5026 control patients. For ever-use compared with ...never-use, the estimated relative risk of breast cancer was 1.0 (95% confidence interval 0.9-1.2). Use of oral contraceptives for five or more years was not associated with breast cancer, regardless of whether use had ended as much as 10 or more years previously, or more recently. Within categories of women whose baseline risk was elevated, including nulligravidae, premenopausal women, and those with benign breast disease or history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives, the relative risk estimates for five or more years of oral contraceptive use approximated 1.0. For any use before first pregnancy, the relative risk estimate was 1.3, and for use lasting three or more years it was 0.9. These data suggest that long-term oral contraceptive use does not increase the risk of breast cancer even after a latent interval in excess of one decade; nor do oral contraceptives appear to increase the risk within categories of women at relatively high baseline risk.
Arising from: J. B. Silk et al. Nature 437, 1357-1359 (2005); Silk et al. replySilk et al. report that adult chimpanzees show no difference in their choices in a situation where one choice benefits a ...familiar conspecific and the other does not. From this, they conclude that chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members. But without additional data confirming that chimpanzees do choose differently in circumstances in which a difference would be expected, the authors cannot conclude that there is no difference in their scenario. How chimpanzees react to the welfare of unrelated group members remains an open question.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in relation to the use of combination oral contraceptives was evaluated in a case-control study of women younger than 60 years. Combination oral contraceptives ...were used by 35 (26%) of 136 cases and 187 (35%) of 539 controls. The relative risk estimate for combination oral contraceptive use was 0.6 (95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 0.9). The reduction in risk appeared to persist for as long as ten years after use had ceased and to be greater for longer durations of use, but these results were not statistically significant. The findings were not explained by parity or by other identified potential confounding factors. The results suggest that the use of combination oral contraceptives protects against epithelial ovarian cancer.
Psammoma bodies and abnormal cells were identified in the cervicovaginal smear of a 27-year-old woman. This rare finding aided in the diagnosis of papillary tumor of the peritoneal cavity in this ...asymptomatic patient. These findings stress the importance of recognizing that psammoma bodies do appear exclusively in adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Their presence should alert the observer to the possibility of a benign, reactive, or malignant process in the peritoneal cavity.
To evaluate whether the nicotine and carbon monoxide content of cigarette smoke is related to the risk of nonfatal first myocardial infarction in young men, we compared 502 cases with 835 hospital ...controls, all between the ages of 30 and 54 years. As expected, the estimated risk of myocardial infarction increased with the number of cigarettes smoked; overall, the relative-risk estimate for current smokers was 2.8 (95 per cent confidence interval, 2.0 to 4.0). The risk did not appear to vary according to the amount of nicotine or carbon monoxide in the cigarette, and the mean amounts of both substances per cigarette were similar for the cases and controls. The results suggest that men who smoke the newer cigarettes with reduced amounts of nicotine and carbon monoxide do not have a lower risk of myocardial infarction than those who smoke cigarettes containing larger amounts of these substances.
The hypothesis has been raised that coffee consumption may increase the incidence of breast cancer, based on the report that fibrocystic breast disease, a risk factor for breast cancer, regresses ...after abstention from coffee and other methylxanthines. The relation between recent coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer was evaluated in a case-control study, based on interviews conducted 1975-1982 at several mainly eastern US teaching and community hospitals. The responses of 2,651 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer were compared with those of 1,501 controls with nonmalignant conditions and 385 controls with cancers at other sites. The relative risk estimates for levels of coffee drinking up to seven or more cups daily, relative to none, approximated 1.0 with narrow 95% confidence intervals. After allowance for confounding, the relative risk estimate for drinking at least five cups a day was 1.2 (95% confidence interval, 0.9-1.6) using the noncancer controls and 1.1 (0.7-1.6) using the cancer controls. Coffee consumption was not associated with an increase in the risk of breast cancer among women with a history of fibrocystic breast disease, nor were tea or decaffeinated coffee associated with an increase in the risk of breast cancer. The results suggest that the recent consumption of coffee does not influence the incidence of breast cancer.
