Stomoxys calcitrans
(Diptera: Muscidae), is an important vector of lumpy skin disease and bovine besnoitiosis in Europe. Control of this biting fly could represent a keystone in the containment of ...this emerging disease. Reports of insecticide resistance in
S. calcitrans
are scarce in Europe. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic susceptibility to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and phoxim of five wild
S. calcitrans
populations from southwestern France, where transmission of bovine besnoitiosis is very prevalent. Adult
S. calcitrans
were caught at each study site and exposed to insecticide-impregnated filter papers under laboratory conditions. Quantities of active ingredients on filter papers corresponded to the recommended doses proposed by the manufacturers (37.5 mg a.i./m
2
of cattle’s skin, 125 mg a.i./m
2
and 750 mg a.i./m
2
for deltamethrin, cypermethrin and phoxim respectively) were tested. Knock-down effects (KD) (1 h after the onset of exposure) and mortality rates (24 h and 48 h after exposure) were evaluated. Phoxim showed a rapid and full efficacy in all populations. However, the KD effects (37.5 to 97.5%) and the mortality rates at 48 h (10 to 91.25%) induced by the exposure to pyrethroids varied greatly according to the study site but none of the populations showed full susceptibility. Therefore, the current recommended doses of these pyrethroids are probably less efficient than expected in the field and should be considered with caution in the control of bovine besnoitiosis in France.
Stomoxys calcitrans is considered as a major pest of livestock worldwide. Insecticides have been extensively used to control this pest but resistance to these chemical compounds is now reported in ...many countries. Therefore, a more sustainable and efficient control is needed. Seven different types of blue screens, with reflectances around 460 nm, were tested during summer 2016 in southwestern France to evaluate their attractiveness and their specificity for stable flies. Height of the screen and orientation (east or west) of a blue screen were also considered. High levels of S. calcitrans captures were recorded during this study (from 141 to 7301 individuals per blue screen and per day) whereas the numbers of tabanids and pollinator insects remained extremely low (less than 10 individuals per screen and per day). No significant difference in attractiveness has been shown between the different types of blue screens. The lower half of the blue screens caught significantly more stable flies (70%) than the higher half (30%). The “east” side of the screen attracted 60% of stable flies but this was not significantly different from the west side. These results are highlighting the interest in these blue polyethylene screens for controlling stable flies in cattle farms, in comparison with more expensive blue fabrics.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Besnoitiosis is caused by different species of intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to the family Sarcocystidae and affecting multiple host species worldwide. Including B. besnoiti, ten ...species are described infecting animals. Among ungulates, Besnoitia bennetti infects horses, donkeys and zebras and was described in Africa and in the USA where donkey besnoitiosis is considered as an emerging disease.
A two-year-old male donkey was purchased in May 2016 in poor body condition (cachexia, alopetic areas and pruritus mainly on neck and head) by the present owner in Le Roeulx (Belgium) from a milk producing donkey farm in Frasnes-lez-Buissenal (Belgium). Shortly after its purchase and shearing, the donkey presented with crusts, hyperkeratosis (both flanks and neck) anorexia and cachexia. A treatment with phoxim was given with no improvement. A cutaneous biopsy of hyperkeratotic skin was performed in July. It showed a perivascular eosinophilic infiltrate with a large thick walled cyst located in the dermis containing numerous bradyzoites. This was highly suggestive of besnoitiosis. Several skin biopsy samples were obtained for qPCR analysis and confirmed the presence of Besnoitia spp. DNA. Further laboratory diagnosis tests were performed (western blot and rDNA sequencing) confirming Besnoitia bennetti aetiology for the male. For the female, the punch-biopsy, haematology and qPCR were negatives but the western blot showed the presence of antibodies directed to Besnoitia spp. Further clinical examination performed in August highlighted scleral pinhead sized cysts (pearl) in the right eye and between nares. Another ten-year-old female donkey purchased in France and sharing the same accommodation showed a good clinical condition, but a thorough clinical examination showed the presence of numerous cysts on the inner face of upper labial mucosa. A daily treatment based on sulfamethaxzole and trimethoprim (Emdotrim 60% Mix®, 30 mg/kg) was given orally and some improvement was noticed.
This is the first evidence of Besnoitia bennetti infection (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in donkeys (Equus asinus) in Belgium.
La mouche charbonneuse, Stomoxys calcitrans, est une mouche hématophage commune et cosmopolite. Elle est le vecteur de nombreux agents pathogènes dont Besnoitia besnoiti, une coccidie parasite des ...bovins à l’origine de la formation de kystes cutanés. La compétence vectorielle de S. calcitrans pour B. besnoiti reste cependant mal connue. Dans ce travail, la persistance des formes bradyzoites et tachyzoites de B. besnoiti a été évaluée sur les pièces buccales et dans le tractus digestif des mouches. Dans ces conditions expérimentales, B. besnoiti persiste deux jours au maximum chez les stomoxes. La destruction rapide du parasite chez ce vecteur suggère que la transmission vectorielle mécanique ne peut avoir lieu que très peu de temps après un repas contaminant sur un hôte bovin infecté. De plus, nous avons étudié la capacité des stomoxes à transmettre les formes bradyzoites ou tachyzoites à des lapins, utilisés ici comme animaux modèles de besnoitiose. Des repas interrompus de stomoxes ont été réalisés sur des bovins en phase chronique de besnoitiose (source de formes bradyzoites dans leur peau) ou bien sur du sang contaminé avec des tachyzoites de culture. Le repas a ensuite été complété sur des lapins. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que 300 stomoxes sont suffisants pour transmettre des bradyzoites virulents d’un bovin à un lapin qui a montré des signes de besnoitiose aigue et une séroconversion. Dans la troisième partie de ce travail, des méthodes alternatives aux insecticides ont été testées afin de proposer des stratégies de contrôle efficaces et pérennes contre ces vecteurs. L’attractivité pour les stomoxes de sept types d’écrans bleus, présentant entre eux de légères variations de réflectance autour de 460 nm, a été étudiée, de même que les facteurs influençant l’efficacité des pièges (hauteur par rapport au sol, orientation est ou ouest de l’écran, proximité de différents hôtes ou d’un tas de fumier). Les résultats ont montré une très grande attractivité, de très hauts niveaux de capture et une grande sélectivité de tous les écrans testés. Un total de 164692 stomoxes a été capturé au cours de l’étude (soit 24 jours de piégeage avec 4 écrans par jour et 8 heures par jour). La moitié inférieure des écrans a capturé la majorité des stomoxes (70%), de même, le nombre de stomoxes capturés par la partie de l’écran orientée à l’Est est plus important que sur la face orientée à l’Ouest. Ces éléments soulignent l’intérêt de cetype de dispositifs dans la lutte contre les stomoxes.
The Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a common and worldwide-distributed blood-feeding fly. It is the vector of numerous pathogens including Besnoitia besnoiti, a cyst-forming coccidian parasite of cattle. Vector competency of S. calcitrans for B. besnoiti remains poorly understood. We investigated here the persistence of bradyzoites and tachyzoites forms of B. besnoiti on mouthparts and in digestive tract of S. calcitrans. In experimental conditions, B. besnoiti proved to persist until two days in stable flies. The fast destruction of parasite within this vector suggests that mechanical transmission could occur a short time only after a contaminated blood meal. Moreover, we investigated the competence of stable flies to transmit immediately B besnoiti bradyzoites and tachyzoites to susceptible rabbits after an interrupted blood meal on chronically infected cows (source of bradyzoites) or on a tachyzoite-contaminated blood meal. The results show that 300 S. calcitrans only were able to transmit virulent bradyzoites to rabbits which suffered from clinical signs of acute besnoitiosis and seroconverted. In the third part of this study, we examined sustainable methods as alternative to insecticides but efficient to control this pest. Seven different types of blue screens, with slight differences in their reflectance around 460 nm, were tested in order to evaluate their attractiveness for stable flies and to determine the factors associated with the efficiency of trapping (height of screens, east versus west side of blue screen, proximity of different hosts and manure). The results showed high attractiveness, high number of captures and very high selectivity of all tested screens, with a total number of 164692 stable flies during the study (24 days of capture, 4 blue screens per day, 8 hours per day). The results showed that the lower part of the blue screens caught the majority of stable flies, whereas the east orientation was the most attractive which caught up to 60 % of the total number captured of stable flies. Taking together, these results are highlighting the interest of these new devices in the future control of stable flies.
This thesis covers in detail the literature on the theoretical aspects of electrodriven separation in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC), the column technology ...of CEC including different types of stationary phases; open-tubular (coated columns), packed and continuous-bed (monolith). The literature on the coupling of CE/CEC with mass spectrometry (MS) and their advantages are also covered. The thesis also describes the preparation and the characterisation of polymethacrylate monoliths. Butyl methacrylate and sodium sulphite-based monoliths with negative surface charges were prepared: The former derived the charge from the sulfonic acid moieties of the 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l- propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) while the second derived the charge from the sulphite group of the sodium sulphite introduced by epoxide ring opening. This negative charge is responsible for the generation of electroosmotic flow (EOF).
Background: There are approximately 1.5 million people living with HIV in Kenya. The prevalence is at a lower level than at the peak of the epidemic because of free antiretroviral treatment, ...education and new methods to HIV testing. The nurses’ work situation is difficult trying to reach persons living with HIV in a society where stigma is common and therefore we were curious to learn more about nurses’ personal experiences, to get a wider understanding of the situation. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses’ perspective of the complexity of caring for persons with HIV/AIDS in Nairobi, Kenya. Method: The chosen design was a descriptive qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with eight nurses in Nairobi, Kenya.The material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Two main categories were identified in this study: Nurses’ strategies and approach to initiate care and Challenges in caring for people with HIV/AIDS. Four sub-categories were then formed out of the main categories: Approaching and building relationships with people that live with HIV/AIDS, strategies for reaching out to people that live with HIV/AIDS, structural barriers among people living with HIV/AIDS and practical obstacles within the healthcare system. Discussion: The discussion addresses difficulties among nurses when it comes to persuading persons living with HIV/AIDS to receive treatment. The nursing role consists of caring for the patient, counseling and giving hope. Nurses are being affected emotionally when approaching persons living with HIV/AIDS since factors like stigma and fear of abandonment stand in the way for reaching out and giving treatment. Lack of resources in healthcare is another factor that causes frustration among nurses.
Background
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of sinonasal mucosa. Asthma among CRS patients is often underdiagnosed which makes the management of ...CRS more challenging. Therefore, using serum and tissue eosinophil as an indicator and predictor of asthma in CRS patients is vital for further preventing recurrent and increasing the effectiveness of treatment for CRS.
Objective
To determine the association and diagnostic ability of serum and tissue eosinophils in the diagnosis of asthma among CRS patients.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 24 CRS patients with asthma and without asthma, respectively, from the Otorhinolaryngology clinic of two tertiary hospitals located on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Serum and tissue eosinophils (obtained from nasal polyp) levels between both groups were compared. Association between serum and tissue eosinophils with asthma was evaluated using logistic regression analysis, adjusting for important sociodemographic characteristics. The diagnostic ability of serum and tissue eosinophil was then evaluated by assessing the receiver operating characteristic curve.
Results
A total of 48 CRS patients with a mean SD age of 47.50 14.99 years were included. Patients with asthma had significantly higher serum 0.48 vs 0.35 × 10
9
/L and tissue eosinophil 100 vs 8.5 per HPF levels. Tissue eosinophils were found to be an independent predictor of asthma with adjusted OR 1.05,
p
< 0.001, after adjusting for age and serum eosinophils. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for serum eosinophil was 69.0%. At optimal cut-off value (0.375 × 10
9
/L), the sensitivity and specificity for serum eosinophil was 75.0% and 70.8%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for tissue eosinophil was 93.4%. At the optimal cut-off value (58.0 per HPF), the sensitivity and specificity for tissue eosinophils were 79.2% and 91.7%, respectively.
Conclusion
This study indicates a significantly higher level of serum and tissue eosinophils in CRS with asthma. However, there was no correlation between serum and tissue eosinophils in both group. Based on this study, the CRS patient needs to be screened for asthma if the level of serum eosinophil is > 0.375 × 10
9
/L and tissue eosinophil > 58 per HPF.
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