We investigate how paying a bribe or refusing a bribe differs between observing others doing this or committing such acts oneself. Study 1 examines how and when observing others paying a bribe or ...refusing a bribe leads to actions opposing bribery or supporting anti-bribery. The how question is answered by showing that positive and negative emotions mediate such responses; the when question is answered by demonstrating that empathy and the social self-concept constitute personal conditions for regulating such effects. Study 2 scrutinizes how and when paying a bribe or refusing a bribe leads to actions reducing bribery. Here the mediators pride and shame, and the social self-concept again regulates such effects. Actual managers are the respondents in these two field experiments, with 140 men and women in Study 1 and 207 men and women in Study 2.
In this era, electronic devices such as mobile phones, computers, laptops, sensors, and many more have become a necessity in healthcare, for a pleasant lifestyle, and for carrying out tasks quickly ...and easily. Different types of temperature sensors, biosensors, photosensors, etc., have been developed to meet the necessities of people. All these devices have chips inside them fabricated using diodes, transistors, logic gates, and ICs. The patterning of the substrate which is used for the further development of these devices is done with the help of a technique known as lithography. In the present work, we have carried out a review on different types of lithographic techniques such as optical lithography, extreme ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, X-ray lithography, and ion beam lithography. The evolution of these techniques with time and their application in device fabrication are discussed. The different exposure tools developed in the past decade to enhance the resolution of these devices are also discussed. Chemically amplified and non-chemically amplified resists with their bonding and thickness are discussed. Mask and maskless lithography techniques are discussed along with their merits and demerits. Device fabrication at micro and nano scale has been discussed. Advancements that can be made to improve the performance of these techniques are also suggested.
The structural properties of quaternary Ge
10
Te
80
Se
10-x
Ga
x
(x = 0 to 10) glassy alloy have been studied with XRD (X-ray diffraction) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy. The ...position of FSDP (first sharp diffraction peak) (2θ) and its FWHM (full width half maxima) have been utilized to estimate the local structure parameters of FSDP like repeating distance y and structural correlation length (L). The far-infrared (IR) transmission spectra of Ge
10
Te
80
Se
10-x
Ga
x
(x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) have been analysed in the range 30–300 cm
−1
to study the formation of bonds using chain crossing model, random covalent network model and chemical bond approach. The theoretical calculations have been executed for bond energies, force constants, wave number, etc., for probable bonds, and the results justify the experimental values. The present study contributes to the understanding of the composition-dependent structural property relationship of chalcogenide glasses.
Global solar radiation (GSR) prediction plays an essential role in planning, controlling and monitoring solar power systems. However, its stochastic behaviour is a significant challenge in achieving ...satisfactory prediction results. This study aims to design an innovative hybrid prediction model that integrates a feature selection mechanism using a Slime-Mould algorithm, a Convolutional-Neural-Network (CNN), a Long–Short-Term-Memory Neural Network (LSTM) and a final CNN with Multilayer-Perceptron output (SCLC algorithm hereafter). The proposed model was applied to six solar farms in Queensland (Australia) at daily temporal horizons in six different time steps. The comprehensive benchmarking of the obtained results with those from two Deep-Learning (CNN-LSTM, Deep-Neural-Network) and three Machine-Learning (Artificial-Neural-Network, Random-Forest, Self-Adaptive Differential-Evolutionary Extreme-Learning-Machines) models highlighted a higher performance of the proposed prediction model in all the six selected solar farms. From the results obtained, this work establishes that the designed SCLC algorithm could have a practical utility for applications in renewable and sustainable energy resource management.
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•A novel deep learning model for Global Solar Radiation prediction is proposed.•The model integrates deep networks with Slime Mould Algorithm for feature selection.•Meteorological data at solar farms in Australia are considered as variables.•Error analysis and statistical metrics show the model’s practicality.
Small and nutritionally at-risk infants under six months, defined as those with wasting, underweight, or other forms of growth failure, are at high-risk of mortality and morbidity. The World Health ...Organisation 2013 guidelines on severe acute malnutrition highlight the need to effectively manage this vulnerable group, but programmatic challenges are widely reported. This review aims to inform future management strategies for small and nutritionally at-risk infants under six months in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by synthesising evidence on existing breastfeeding support packages for all infants under six months. We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Global Health databases from inception to 18 July 2018. Intervention of interest were breastfeeding support packages. Studies reporting breastfeeding practices and/or caregivers'/healthcare staffs' knowledge/skills/practices for infants under six months from LMICs were included. Study quality was assessed using NICE quality appraisal checklist for intervention studies. A narrative data synthesis using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) reporting guideline was conducted and key features of successful programmes identified. Of 15,256 studies initially identified, 41 were eligible for inclusion. They were geographically diverse, representing 22 LMICs. Interventions were mainly targeted at mother-infant pairs and only 7% (
= 3) studies included at-risk infants. Studies were rated to be of good or adequate quality. Twenty studies focused on hospital-based interventions, another 20 on community-based and one study compared both. Among all interventions, breastfeeding counselling (
= 6) and education (
= 6) support packages showed the most positive effect on breastfeeding practices followed by breastfeeding training (
= 4), promotion (
= 4) and peer support (
= 3). Breastfeeding education support (
= 3) also improved caregivers' knowledge/skills/practices. Identified breastfeeding support packages can serve as "primary prevention" interventions for all infants under six months in LMICs. For at-risk infants, these packages need to be adapted and formally tested in future studies. Future work should also examine impacts of breastfeeding support on anthropometry and morbidity outcomes. The review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018102795).
We report the optical properties of thermally evaporated rare-earth (Dy) doped (GeS
2
)
80
(In
2
S
3
)
20
thin film. Film of thickness 1100 nm has been deposited on a microscopic glass slide, and the ...as-prepared thin film has been characterized using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy and UV–visible–near infrared spectroscopy. With annealing temperature, the refractive index is noticed to decrease from 2.51 to 2.27, while the optical bandgap is observed to increase from 2.03 to 2.29. The dispersion of the refractive index n for as prepared and annealed thin films have discussed using the single oscillator model proposed by the Wemple–Di Domenico relationship. The observed value of
E
o
(5.31–4.40 eV) and dispersion energy
E
d
(28.22–18.18 eV) are decreasing for as prepared and annealed thin films. The increase of bandgap has been explained in terms of the disorder in the system.
Background: Dengue is one of the neglected tropical diseases, with a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from acute febrile illness dengue fever to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue ...shock syndrome. In recent years, it has become a major public health concern in many nonendemic areas as well. Materials and Methods: A secondary data analysis of records available with district Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme cell was conducted to study distribution (time, place, and person) of dengue from 2017 to 2022 in Kangra, a sub-Himalayan district of Himachal Pradesh (HP). Results: In the evaluated period (2017–2022), a total of 6008 cases suspected of dengue were tested and test positivity of 7% (441) with male gender predominance was found. Mean age of the diagnosed cases was 37.7 ± 16.8 years. A seasonal trend was observed starting from late August to November in all study years. Conclusion: Dengue is still a neglected disease, but it has shown its presence especially in this part of HP, indicating the need for better preparation and sensitization of vector-borne disease control program activities, especially in post-monsoon, to prevent future epidemics.
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•Facile and simple synthesis of S, N-GQDs using solid state carbonization.•Synthesized QDs shows excellent water stability, photoluminescence.•Photoluminescence is independent to the ...excitation wavelength.•Sensor shows high selectivity and sensitivity for Ag and Hg ions.
Facile and simple sulfur and nitrogen co-doped graphene Quantum Dots (S, N-GQDs) were fabricated via. calcination. UV–vis. spectrum reveals two peaks originates due to the transition from n and π to π* of the luminescent material. The photoluminescence emission of S, N-GQDs has been quenched upon addition of Hg and Ag ions. The higher affinity of sulfur for Hg and Ag ions assigned selectivity to the sensing protocol which was confirmed from the absence of any interference of the competitive ions. The S, N-GQDs could sense Hg and Ag ions as low as 9.14 µM and 12.90 µM respectively.
Low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites are widely acknowledged as a promising infrastructure solution for global Internet of Things (IoT) services. However, the Doppler effect presents a significant ...challenge in the context of long-range (LoRa) modulation uplink connectivity. This study comprehensively examines the operational efficiency of LEO satellites concerning the Doppler weather effect, with state-of-the-art artificial intelligence techniques. Two LEO satellite constellations—Globalstar and the International Space Station (ISS)—were detected and tracked using ground radars in Perth and Brisbane, Australia, for 24 h starting 1 January 2024. The study involves modelling the constellation, calculating latency, and frequency offset and designing a hybrid Iterative Input Selection–Long Short-Term Memory Network (IIS-LSTM) integrated model to predict the Doppler weather profile for LEO satellites. The IIS algorithm selects relevant input variables for the model, while the LSTM algorithm learns and predicts patterns. This model is compared with Convolutional Neural Network and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models. The results show that the packet delivery rate is above 91% for the sensitive spread factor 12 with a bandwidth of 11.5 MHz for Globalstar and 145.8 MHz for ISS NAUKA. The carrier frequency for ISS orbiting at 402.3 km is 631 MHz and 500 MHz for Globalstar at 1414 km altitude, aiding in combating packet losses. The ISS-LSTM model achieved an accuracy of 97.51% and a loss of 1.17% with signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) ranging from 0–30 dB. The XGB model has the fastest testing time, attaining ≈0.0997 s for higher SNRs and an accuracy of 87%. However, in lower SNR, it proves to be computationally expensive. IIS-LSTM attains a better computation time for lower SNRs at ≈0.4651 s, followed by XGB at ≈0.5990 and CNN at ≈0.6120 s. The study calls for further research on LoRa Doppler analysis, considering atmospheric attenuation, and relevant space parameters for future work.
The changes brought about by the annealing in the optical properties forms the basis of optical storage technique. Considering this, the effect of annealing on as-prepared (
Dy
) doped (
GeSe
2
)
80
...(
Sb
2
Se
3
)
20
thin films in optical properties has been studied in the current study. The refractive index (
n
) and thickness (
d
) of the thin films have been calculated from the transmission spectra. It is noticed that the absorption coefficient (
α
) decreases with annealing temperature. The values of
α
have further been used to calculate the optical band gap using the Tauc relation. The oscillator parameters have been calculated using the models proposed by Wemple DiDomenico (WDD) and Sellmeier. From the dispersion of
n
2
, the ratio
N
/
m
*
has been determined which gives an idea about the free carrier concentration. Electric modulus analysis shows the presence of relaxation processes in the thin films. Annealing increases the transmission range of as-prepared film and modifies its optical parameters, which motivates the exploration of the studied system for applications in IR region.
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