Abstract
Fraud on investor–State arbitration tribunals is somewhat uncommon but hardly rare. This article summarises 17 publicly known investor–State arbitration awards addressing fraud on the ...tribunal, to contribute to this underdeveloped field of law. The article notes that investor–State tribunals have confronted this wrongdoing in various ways, ranging from avoiding findings of fraud to imposing arbitral sanctions. It notes, however, the apparent dearth of referral to criminal processes arising out of proven fraud. It concludes with a summary of the potential remedies available to the tribunal when confronted with fraud.
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato
has been associated with anthracnose in diverse commercial crops. It is now established that
C. gloeosporioides sensu lato
comprises 33 phylogenetic species ...and
C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto
is not a common pathogen of tropical fruits. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 85
Colletotrichum
isolates associated with select tropical fruits and flowering plants from India. In the
ApMat
marker analysis, the 85 isolates clustered with 7 known
Colletotrichum
species (
C. aotearoa
,
C. dianesei
,
C. endomangiferae
,
C. musae
,
C. siamense
,
C. theobromicola, Glomerella cingulata
f. sp.
camelliae
) and six novel lineages. One of the novel lineages is described and illustrated in this paper as
Colletotrichum communis sp. nov.
, while new-host pathogen associations for
C. aotearoa
,
C. endomangiferae
,
C. dianesei
and
C. theobromicola
are reported from India. Out of the 85 isolates analysed in this paper, 73 isolates clustered within the
C. siamense
species complex, indicating that
C. siamense
species complex, not
C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto
, is common on tropical fruits. In comparison with
act
,
cal
,
gapdh
, ITS and
tub2
gene markers, we recommend the use of the
ApMat
marker for accurate identification of cryptic species within the
C. siamense
species complex. We believe that the
ApMat
marker, in combination with one or two similar ‘phylogenetically superior’ gene markers, is a better candidate for species-level classification of fungi that were traditionally identified as ‘
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
’.
This review aims to clarify the evidence on the effectiveness of telepsychiatry following the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a literature review of three databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed and ...PsycINFO), using the terms virtual consultation/telepsychiatry/video consultation AND psychiatry/mental illness.
We identified 325 eligible papers and conducted a thematic analysis resulting in five themes: patient and clinical satisfaction, diagnostic reliability, outcomes, technology and professional guidance. The most significant factors linked to effectiveness of telepsychiatry were patient and clinician satisfaction and adequate technology to facilitate examination of the patient.
The consistent diagnostic reliability, satisfactory clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction linked to telepsychiatry favour its continued use once the pandemic ends. The main barrier is reluctance among clinicians and lack of professional guidance. We recommend education on the uses of telepsychiatry among clinicians, and the provision of professional guidance for its use from medical bodies and organisations.
Syntheses and characterizations of the arene ruthenium (η6-C6H6)RuCl(4-mtdpm) (1), (η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)RuCl(4-mtdpm) (2), and structurally analogous rhodium/iridium complexes (η5-C5Me5)RhCl(4-mtdpm) (3) ...and (η5-C5Me5)IrCl(4-mtdpm) (4) 4-mtdpm = 5-(4-methylthiophenyl)dipyrromethene have been reported. Their identities have been established by satisfactory elemental analyses, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), FT-IR, NMR (1H, 13C), UV/vis, emission spectral, and electrochemical studies. Structure of the representative complex 3 has been authenticated by X-ray single crystal analyses. The complexes 1–4 effectively bind with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) through intercalative/electrostatic interactions. In addition, these exhibit significant cytotoxicity toward Dalton lymphoma (DL) cell line and cause static quenching of the bovine serum albumin (BSA) fluorophore. The antiproliferative activity, morphological changes, and apoptosis have been evaluated by MTT assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) fluorescence staining, and DNA ladder assay. Mode of interaction of the complexes with DNA/protein has also been supported by molecular docking. Various studies revealed remarkable decrease in the in vitro DL cell proliferation and induction of the apoptosis by 1–4, which lies in the order 2 > 1 > 4 > 3.
Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate binding protein which has important roles in cancer and immunity. Potent galectin-3 inhibitors have been synthesized, for experimental purposes and potential clinical ...use. As galectin-3 is implicated in both intra- and extracellular activities, permeability of galectin-3 inhibitors is an important parameter determining biological effects. We compared the cellular uptake of galectin-3 inhibitors and their potency in the intracellular or extracellular space. The inhibitors differed in their polar surface area (PSA), but had similar affinities for galectin-3. Using a well-established permeability assay, we confirmed that the uptake was significantly higher for the inhibitor with the lowest PSA, as expected. To analyze intracellular activity of the inhibitors, we developed a novel assay based on galectin-3 accumulation around damaged intracellular vesicles. The results show striking differences between the inhibitors intracellular potency, correlating with their PSAs. To test extracellular activity of the inhibitors, we analyzed their potency to block binding of galectin-3 to cell surfaces. All inhibitors were equally able to block galectin-3 binding to cells and this was proportional to their affinity for galectin-3. These inhibitors may serve as useful tools in exploring biological roles of galectin-3 and may further our understanding of intracellular versus extracellular roles of galectin-3.
This study introduces a plasmonic reduction catalyst, stable only in the presence of air, achieved by integrating Pt-doped Ru nanoparticles on black gold. This innovative black gold/RuPt catalyst ...showcases good efficiency in acetylene semi-hydrogenation, attaining over 90% selectivity with an ethene production rate of 320 mmol g
h
. Its stability, evident in 100 h of operation with continuous air flow, is attributed to the synergy of co-existing metal oxide and metal phases. The catalyst's stability is further enhanced by plasmon-mediated concurrent reduction and oxidation of the active sites. Finite-difference time-domain simulations reveal a five-fold electric field intensification near the RuPt nanoparticles, crucial for activating acetylene and hydrogen. Kinetic isotope effect analysis indicates the contribution from the plasmonic non-thermal effects along with the photothermal. Spectroscopic and in-situ Fourier transform infrared studies, combined with quantum chemical calculations, elucidate the molecular reaction mechanism, emphasizing the cooperative interaction between Ru and Pt in optimizing ethene production and selectivity.
Purpose
Cause-related marketing (CrM) is one of the effective marketing concepts which draw high public exposure and make the cause and the organization known in the market. Further, it develops a ...higher inclination of the customers associating themselves with CrM-related campaigns. In this regard, CrM campaigns generally take hedonic products into consideration. The purpose of this paper (comprises two studies) is to: study 1, examine the attributes leading to successful CrM campaign and afterward when the results of Study 1 were found in line with the existing literature; and, Study 2, empirically examine the consumer preference for hedo-utilitarian products type in the CrM context.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 316 respondents participated in the survey. For selecting the appropriate research technique under the CrM study, the systematic review was conducted to arrive at a decision. Finally, conjoint analysis, a decompositional approach, was used for its ability to provide real-world setup to the respondents and keeping the social desirability bias at the minimum while assessing the consumer preference in the context of CrM.
Findings
Much literature is available in favor of using hedonic products for successful CrM activities. However, none has conceptualized the hedo-utilitarian products that have an equally fair chance to succeed under CrM strategy. The present study confirmed the relevance of hedo-utilitarian products (utilitarian products having hedonic features) for attracting the consumers having cognitive and affective responses altogether.
Practical implications
The novel concept of hedo-utilitarian product is introduced and empirically examined. The propositions and findings will facilitate the organizations in developing the products and marketing strategies in the context of CrM, giving them the option beyond the two product categories, i.e. hedonic and utilitarian. Accordingly, the companies may also focus and strategize for the “causmers,” i.e. the consumers who pay heed to the cause of the campaign during the purchase.
Originality/value
While several of the dimensions in marketing have been explored, CrM is the least explored area in the Asian region. The attributes that may affect CrM were taken all together as another product feature/attribute under conjoint analysis exploring the attributes affecting CrM most, eventually, leading to higher consumer preference. Further, the concept of hedo-utilitarian products was introduced, empirically examined and recommended to future researchers for bringing it forward.
The Schiff base ligands benzylidene(4-tert-butylphenyl)amine 4-methyl ester (L1), (4-nitrobenzylidene)(4-tert-butylphenyl)amine (L2), and (4-cyanobenzylidene)(4-tert-butylphenyl)amine (L3) and ...the new series of cyclometalated mononuclear piano-stool complexes (η5-C5Me5)RhCl(L1) (1), (η5-C5Me5)RhCl(L2) (2), (η5-C5Me5)RhCl(L3) (3), (η5-C5Me5)IrCl(L1) (4), (η5-C5Me5)IrCl(L2) (5), and (η5-C5Me5)IrCl(L3) (6) have been synthesized. The ligands L1–L3 and complexes 1–6 have been thoroughly characterized by satisfactory elemental analyses, spectral studies (ESI-MS, IR, 1H and 13C NMR, UV–vis), and structures of 1–3 authenticated by X-ray single-crystal analyses. Efficient binding of 1–6 with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) have been established by UV–vis and emission spectroscopic studies. Protein binding (bovine serum albumin, BSA) has been investigated by UV–vis, fluorescence, synchronous, and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy. Binding of the complexes with DNA through minor groove and hydrophobic interaction with proteins via sub domain IIA cavity has been substantiated by molecular docking studies. The complexes exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the human lung cancer cell line (A549), and 1 and 2 showed better activity than cisplatin. The cytotoxicity, morphological changes, and apoptosis have been assessed by MTT assay, Hoechst 33342/PI staining, cell cycle analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by DCFH-DA dye. The complexes 1–6 induce apoptosis in the order 2 > 1 > 4 > 3 > 5 > 6.
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