•Pathological mechanisms invloved in PD and its correlation to Gut-Brain axis.•Altered microbial flora and travelling mechanism of alpha-synuclin protein to brain in PD.•Role of microbiota and other ...bacteria's in pathogenesis of motor and non-motor deficit.•Pharmacological interventions to restore Gut-Brain functioning and future perspectives.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 3.7% of the population over 65 years of age. PD involves degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNPC) with deficiency of dopamine. Genetic factors like SNCA, PARK-2, PARK-7, PINK-1 and LRRK-2 as well as environmental toxins enhance alpha-synuclein, amyloid β (beta) and τ (tau) proteins aggregation. Moreover, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctioning, neuroinflammation, prion like phenomena, excitotoxicity, mutations etc are known to cause pathological insult in PD. Recently, facts indicates strong correlation between gut-brain axis and PD. The communication between the gastrointestinal system (GIT) and central nervous system is bidirectional and it is hypothesized that PD arises in the gut and spreads to brain via vagus nerve that helps to propagate the alpha-synuclein that target brain. The Lewy bodies are found in olfactory bulb, dorsal motor vagal nerve and the ENS of the gut indicate peripheral and central correlation. The alteration of gut microbial flora leads to GIT disturbance which cause neuroinflammation by prion alpha-synuclein expression and produces PD like symptoms. Persistent gut inflammation with spontaneous neuroinflammation is yet need to confirm but increased intestinal permeability and disrupt function of GIT is known to produce non-motor symptoms of PD. The present review is aimed to explore mechanistic approach for gut associated PD symptoms as well as use of probiotics and prebiotics as therapeutic approach to retain gut microbial flora and prevent PD like symptoms.
•Traumatic brain Injury is major neurodeficit caused by physical, chemical or other stimuli.•Emerging evidences target excitotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial failure and ...inflammatory mediators play crucial role in the pathogenesis.•Mitochondrial failure caused due to fusion and fission as well as dynamic related proteins.•Recent advancement on drug target to prevent neuronal damage in TBI.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the injury to the vasculature of brain while trauma caused by physical, chemical and biological stimuli. TBI is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity around the world. In this, primary insult leads to secondary injury through the involvement and initiation of various pathological processes. The most citable includes excitotoxicity, Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) dysfunction, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, calcium efflux, microglial mediated release of proinflammatory mediators (cytokine, chemokines, interleukin, tissue necrosis factor etc.). The morphological changes in TBI are proportional to mitochondrial dysfunctioning and microglial activation, which play an assorted role in neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injury. It is also assumed that the release of nitric oxide, activation of microglial cells plays a diversive role in maintaining the physiological and pathological balance. This review cites different pathophysiological mechanisms that are involved in progenesis of secondary injury after primary insult. These targets further are useful to explore the deep molecular mechanisms and to analyse the effectiveness of available drugs. Moreover, the present review reflects the underlying inflammatory cascade responsible for neuronal loss and neurological deficit in TBI.
Damage potential of green peach aphid,
Myzus persicae
(Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on sweet pepper,
Capsicum annuum
Linnaeus, under protected environment was assessed by artificially releasing ...different aphid densities (1, 2, 4 and 8 aphids/ plant) at 30 and 60-days after transplanting coinciding with vegetative and flowering/ fruiting crop growth stage. Aphids were restricted to feed for 30 days (limited exposure duration) as well as throughout crop growth stage (unlimited exposure duration).
Myzus persicae
infestation exhibited varying levels of stunting effects on plant growth. Aphid infestation also reduced marketable yield, being more pronounced at higher infestation levels of 4 and 8 aphids. Infestation initiated in vegetative stage resulted in lower yield as compared to the infestation initiated in later growth stages. Loss in marketable yield varied from 31.49 to 76.20 and 30.63 to 100 per cent in summer and autumn season crops, respectively. Relationship deduced between reduction in yield and cumulative aphid days (CADs) under unlimited exposure duration depicted per unit increase in CADs to reduce marketable fruit yield to the extent of 0.01 and 0.027 g for the infestation initiated in vegetative and later growth stages, respectively. Corresponding reduction in fruit yield on the basis of initial aphid infestation levels (AILs) was 165.3 and 129.9 g/ plant/ aphid level. Economic injury level of
M. persicae
worked out for the infestation initiated in vegetative and flowering/ fruiting stage to be 3862 and 1464 CADs whereas on the basis of AILs it was 0.25 and 0.31 aphids/ plant for the infestation initiated in corresponding crop stages.
The present work focusses on development of a safe, inexpensive, and more accessible source for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Four different in-house probiotic isolates, i.e.,
Lactobacillus ...pentosus
S6,
Lactobacillus plantarum
F22,
Lactobacillus crustorum
F11, and
Lactobacillus paraplantarum
KM1 isolated from different food sources, were used in the current study to check their ability to synthesize silver nanoparticles. All the probiotic-synthesized silver nanoparticles show maximum surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at a peak of 450 nm, which confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis identified the shape and distribution of silver nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the average size of synthesized nanoparticles in the range of 10–50 nm, with the smallest size of 5 nm for silver nanoparticles synthesized by
L. crustorum
F11. Further, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) detected the presence of different functional groups responsible for reduction of silver ion to form silver nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity of these AgNPs was also found to be effective against different bacterial and fungal pathogens, viz., antibiotic-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Bacillus cereus
,
Listeria monocytogenes
,
Pythium aphanidermatum
,
Fusarium oxysporum
, and
Phytopthora parasitica.
However,
L. crustorum
F11–synthesized AgNP showed maximum inhibition against all the bacterial and fungal pathogens, with highest against
S. aureus
(20 ± 0.61 mm) and
F. oxysporum
(23 ± 0.37). Findings from this study provide a durable and eco-friendly method for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, having strong antimicrobial activity against different multidrug-resistant microorganisms.
Graphical abstract
Software projects reckon on the bug tracking systems to guide software maintenance activities. The critical information about the nature of the crash is carried by the bug reports which are submitted ...to bug repositories. This information is in free form text format and is submitted by users or developers. A large amount of bug reports gets collected in bug repositories. Out of these submitted bugs, many reports are mere identical of the already existing bugs. Furthermore, not all non-duplicate bugs are reproducible in nature. This paper introduces
DENATURE
, a two step framework for detecting duplication and identifying bug type. The proposed framework will help to minimize time and developer’s effort utilized in resolution of bug reports which will further improvise overall software quality. Information retrieval techniques are used for finding duplicate bugs and machine learning classification techniques are used for identifying the type of bug report. Through experiments, we found that the proposed framework obtained prediction accuracy up to 88.81%.
Introduction
The current need of the food industry is to develop a safe packaging system that maintains the quality of food and prevents its spoilage. Food safety techniques improvised using ...functional nanoparticles minimize the chances of spoilage by maintaining moisture stability, mechanical strength, and durability and ensuring product safety. In the present study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles using purified bacteriocins obtained from probiotics. Bacteriocin-synthesized AgNPs are eco-friendly and secure packaging solutions that can be utilized in the packaging industry for the storage of food products.
Methods
Crude, partially purified and purified bacteriocin was obtained from three potential probiotic isolates, i.e.,
Lactobacillus pentosus
S6 (KU92122),
Lactobacillus crustorum
F11 (KT865221) and
Lactobacillus spicheri
G2 (JX481912). The antimicrobial efficacy of bacteriocin was tested against two food-borne spoilage-causing pathogens, i.e.,
Bacillus cereus
and
Staphylococcus aureus
. The purified bacteriocin obtained was used for the synthesis of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM, and SEM techniques. The AgNPs were used for coating cellulose paper. The coated paper was characterized using SEM and was used for the storage of tomato fruit.
Results and discussion
The purified bacteriocin obtained was used for the synthesis of AgNPs. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by using UV-vis spectroscopy, which showed maximum absorption at 450 nm. Furthermore, we confirm shape and morphology by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis showed the mean size of synthesized AgNPs in the range of 5–20 nm. Bacteriocin-synthesized AgNPs were then used for the coating of cellulose paper with the main motive to avoid spoilage and enhance the shelf stability of tomato fruit during storage. SEM analysis confirmed the coating of AgNPs in the cellulose paper. The enhanced antimicrobial efficacy of different treatments coated paper was observed against
B. cereus
and
S. aureus
. Out of all, F11 AgNPs coated paper showed maximum inhibition of 24 mm for
S. aureus
and 22 mm for
B. cereus
. The coated paper from three different bacteriocin-synthesized AgNPs, along with silver nitrate (AgNO
3
) coated and uncoated paper, was used for the storage of tomato fruit for a period of 10 days at room temperature. Changes during storage were determined by analyzing morphological and color changes. Compared to AgNO
3
coated and uncoated paper, tomato fruit preserved in F11 AgNPs coated paper maintained and held its appearance and firmness, thereby confirming their effectiveness in the preservation of tomatoes.
a key pathogen in periodontitis, is associated with neuroinflammation. Periodontal disease increases with age; 70.1% of adults 65 years and older have periodontal problems. However, the
- ...lipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the possible role of
-LPS in mitochondrial dysfunction during neurodegeneration. We found that
-LPS treatment activated toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling and upregulated the expression of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia and neuroinflammatory markers. Furthermore, the LPS treatment significantly exacerbated the production of reactive oxygen species and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. Our study highlighted the pivotal role of
-LPS in the repression of serum response factor (SRF) and its co-factor p49/STRAP that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. The LPS treatment repressed the genes involved in mitochondrial function and biogenesis.
-LPS negatively altered oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis and reduced total adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Additionally, it specifically altered the mitochondrial functions in complexes I, II, and IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Thus, it is conceivable that
-LPS causes mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidative stress and inflammatory events in neurodegenerative diseases.
Mulberry is one of the underutilised fruit with high perishability. The various species of mulberry fruit are characterized by their natural colours as black, white, and red. These fruits are rich ...sources of the natural pigment anthocyanin, as well as containing substantial quantities of vitamins and minerals. Black mulberry contains a large amount of phytochemicals, particularly flavonoids (anthocyanin) and phenolics (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, and rutin). These compounds are responsible for its superior pharmacological effects, including antioxidant activity, hyperglycemia, and anti-inflammatory properties. Numerous research were conducted on different extraction techniques to separate bioactive compounds from mulberry. Various components of Morus species also possess potent nutraceutical capabilities, leading to a wide range of clinical trials for identifying its beneficial properties. The present review concentrates on the most recent literature concerning nutritional composition and phytochemical profiling of three distinct species of mulberries, including their fruit, seeds, and leaves. Furthermore, it investigates the process of extracting bioactive compounds from mulberries and investigates their potential uses in pharmacology as well as in the development of functional food or nutraceutical products. This research thoroughly analyzes innovative approaches for utilizing an underutilized perishable crop to generate economically viable functional products.
Display omitted
Metastatic cancers account for up to 90% of cancer-related deaths. The clear differentiation of metastatic cancers from primary cancers is crucial for cancer type identification and developing ...targeted treatment for each cancer type. DNA methylation patterns are suggested to be an intriguing target for cancer prediction and are also considered to be an important mediator for the transition to metastatic cancer. In the present study, we used 24 cancer types and 9303 methylome samples downloaded from publicly available data repositories, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We constructed machine learning classifiers to discriminate metastatic, primary, and non-cancerous methylome samples. We applied support vector machines (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and random forest (RF) machine learning models to classify the cancer types based on their tissue of origin. RF outperformed the other classifiers, with an average accuracy of 99%. Moreover, we applied local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) to explain important methylation biomarkers to classify cancer types.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by selective dopaminergic neuronal loss. Rotenone is a neurotoxin that selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons, leading to PD-like ...symptoms. Quercetin possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties but a major drawback is its low bioavailability. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of quercetin in combination with piperine against rotenone- and iron supplement–induced model of PD. Rotenone was administered at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg through an intraperitoneal route with iron supplement at a dose of 120 μg/g in diet from day 1 to day 28. Pre-treatment with quercetin (25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.), piperine (2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) alone, quercetin (25 mg/kg, p.o.) in combination with piperine (2.5 mg/kg), and ropinirole (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered for 28 days 1 h prior to rotenone and iron supplement administration. All behavioral parameters were assessed on weekly basis. On the 29th day, all animals were sacrificed and striatum was isolated for biochemical (LPO, nitrite, GSH, mitochondrial complexes I and IV), neuroinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), and neurotransmitter (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate) estimation. Quercetin treatment attenuated rotenone- and iron supplement–induced motor deficits and biochemical and neurotransmitter alterations in experimental rats. However, combination of quercetin (25 mg/kg) with piperine (2.5 mg/kg) significantly enhanced its neuroprotective effect as compared with treatment with quercetin alone. The study concluded that combination of quercetin with piperine contributed to superior antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effect against rotenone- and iron supplement–induced PD in experimental rats.
PDF
