Dysbiosis, a broad spectrum of imbalance of the gut microbiota, may progress to microbiota dysfunction. Dysbiosis is linked to some human diseases, such as inflammation-related disorders and ...metabolic syndromes. However, the underlying mechanisms of the pathogenesis of dysbiosis remain elusive. Recent findings suggest that the microbiome and gut immune responses, like immunoglobulin A production, play critical roles in the gut homeostasis and function, and the progression of dysbiosis. In the past two decades, much progress has been made in better understanding of production of immunoglobulin A and its association with commensal microbiota. The present minireview summarizes the recent findings in the gut microbiota dysbiosis and dysfunction of immunoglobulin A induced by the imbalance of pathogenic bacteria and commensal microbiota. We also propose the potentials of dietary carotenoids, such as β-carotene and astaxanthin, in the improvement of the gut immune system maturation and immunoglobulin A production, and the consequent promotion of the gut health.
Impact statement
The concept of carotenoid metabolism in the gut health has not been well established in the literature. Here, we review and discuss the roles of retinoic acid and carotenoids, including pro-vitamin A carotenoids and xanthophylls in the maturation of the gut immune system and IgA production. This is the first review article about the carotenoid supplements and the metabolites in the regulation of the gut microbiome. We hope this review would provide a new direction for the management of the gut microbiota dysbiosis by application of bioactive carotenoids and the metabolites.
Purpose
Pomegranate peels are rich in anthocyanins. The present study aimed to explore the beneficial effects of pomegranate peel anthocyanins (PPA) on obesity and gut microbiota in mice with ...high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity.
Methods
Specific pathogen-free (SPF) male C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into three groups and fed with low-fat diet (LFD, 10% fat energy), HFD (45% fat energy), or HFD supplemented with PPA by intragastric administration for 15 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored weekly. The obesity-related biochemical indexes and hepatic gene expression levels were determined. The compositions of the gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the association between the gut microbiota and obesity-related indicators was investigated by Spearman correlation analysis.
Results
The results showed that the body weight gain, steatosis scores and insulin resistance index in the PPA group decreased by 27.46%, 56.25%, and 46.07%, respectively, compared to the HFD group. Gene expression analysis indicated that PPA supplement improved the genes expression profiles involved in glucose and lipid metabolism compared with the mice fed HFD alone. Meanwhile, PPA significantly changed the composition of the gut microbiota, which were closely correlated with the obesity-related biomarkers.
Conclusion
This study suggested that PPA could be a beneficial treatment option for alleviating HFD-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders by targeting microbiota and lipid metabolism.
Diabetic complications-coronary atherosclerosis is closely related to the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by hyperglycemia. ROS are reported to induce the abnormal proliferation of ...vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under high glucose conditions. Leaf and seed extracts from Moringa oleifera are found to exhibit antioxidant activity. However, few studies are evaluating the antioxidant activities of chemical compounds isolated from the M. oleifera especially in cardiovascular field.
The aim of this study is to explore the antioxidative effect during hyperglycemia of niazirin from M. oleifera.
A cell model was applied.
After the taking the in vitro antioxidant experiment including ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) assay and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Cell viability was carried out using high glucose-induced VSMCs model. ROS production was tested by 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay. The protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox 4) expression in vitro and in vivo were measured by western blot analysis.
Niazirin showed good free radical scavenging activity. Niazirin significantly attenuated the proliferation of high glucose-induced VSMCs. Furthermore, it could decrease the ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) productions, while increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in high glucose-induced VSMCs and streptozotocin-induced mice. In addition, niazirin could eliminate the high glucose-induced PKCζ activation, indicated by Thr410 phosphorylation and inhibition of the Nox4 protein expression in vitro and in vivo.
Niazirin from M. oleifera exhibited notably antioxidant activities and could be utilized as a potential natural antioxidant in preventing diabetic atherosclerosis.
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•Enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase reduced soybean odor substance 1-octene-3-ol.•Excessive enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the deterioration of the hydrolysate flavor.•The flavour of soybean meal ...hydrolysates with different hydrolysis conditions could be distinguished by E-tongue.
In the present study, E-nose, E-tongue, and headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC–MS) technology combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were employed to evaluate the flavor characteristics of the volatile and the non-volatile substances generated during the enzymatic hydrolysis of the soybean meal by Alcalase. The results showed that the enzymatic hydrolysis effectively reduced the content of soybean odorous substance 1-octene-3-ol and led to better flavor. However, the excessive enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the deterioration of the enzymatic hydrolysates flavor. In addition, both radar graph and PCA of E-tongue were able to provide the distribution of flavor substances during the enzymatic hydrolysis of the soybean meal. These results provided a theoretical basis for the improvement of the flavors of the soybean meal and its derived products.
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•Ultrasonic treatment improved the emulsifying activity and emulsion stability of wheat germ protein.•Ultrasonic treatment enhanced the absorption of wheat germ protein at the ...oil–water interface.•Ultrasonic treatment increased the solubility and decreased the particle size of wheat germ protein.•Ultrasonic treatment increased the level of surface hydrophobicity and surface free sulfhydryl group.
The effect of ultrasonic treatment on emulsifying properties of wheat germ protein (WGP) was studied in this paper. WGP was subjected to low frequency (20 kHz), high intensity ultrasonic treatment at different power (200, 400, 600, 800 W) for 10 min, or different time (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20 min) at 400 W. The emulsifying activity index and emulsion stability index of WGP were significantly improved, and the emulsion droplet was smaller and more uniform after ultrasound treatment. Ultrasound increased the adsorbed WGP concentration at the oil-water interface and reduced the interfacial tension, which explained the improved emulsifying properties of WGP. The investigation on molecular properties and protein conformation showed that ultrasound processing increased solubility, but decreased particle size and surface charge of WGP. Ultrasound processing resulted in the unfolding of the protein molecular structure indicated by the increase of surface hydrophobicity and surface free sulfhydryl group levels, and the decrease of intrinsic fluorescence intensity. Correlation analysis showed that the changes in WGP solubility, particle size, and surface hydrophobicity were the main driven factors for the improved emulsifying properties of WGP.
has traditionally been used as folk medicine in Asian countries for its therapeutic effects on tracheitis and tonsillitis. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory active constituents from
led to the ...isolation of two novel sesquiterpene lactones, named eupalinolide L (1: ) and eupalinolide M (2: ), and seven known sesquiterpene lactones (3: -9: ). The structures and configurations of the new compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, especially 2D NMR techniques.
experiments showed that the sesquiterpenes fraction significantly reduced mouse ear edema induced by xylene (18.6%, p < 0.05). In
assays, compounds 1: -9: showed excellent anti-inflammatory activities, as they lowered TNF-
and IL-6 levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells (p < 0.001). The above results suggest that the sesquiterpene lactones from
can be developed as novel potential natural anti-inflammatory agents.
IGF-I-stimulated sarcoma viral oncogene (Src) activation during hyperglycemia is required for propagating downstream signaling. The aim of the current study was to determine the mechanism by which ...hyperglycemia enhances IGF-I-stimulated Src activation and the role of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) and protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) in mediating this response in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Nox4 expression was analyzed in VSMCs exposed to hyperglycemia. The role of Nox4-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in IGF-I-stimulated Src activation was investigated via knockdown of Nox4. Different isoforms of PKC were screened to investigate their role in hyperglycemia-induced Nox4. The oxidation of Src was shown to be a prerequisite for its activation in response to IGF-I during hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia induced Nox4, but not Nox1, and p22 phagocyte oxidase (p22phox) expression and IGF-I stimulated Nox4/p22phox complex formation, leading to increased ROS generation. Knockdown of Nox4 prevented ROS generation and impaired the oxidation and activation of Src in response to IGF-I, whereas knockdown of Nox1 had no effect. PKCζ was shown to mediate the hyperglycemia-induced increase in Nox4 expression. The key observations in cultured VSMCs were confirmed in the diabetic mice. Nox4-derived ROS is responsible for the enhancing effect of hyperglycemia on IGF-I-stimulated Src activation, which in turn amplifies IGF-I-linked downstream signaling and biological actions.
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•Sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone exhibit potent antibacterial activity and do not develop drug resistance.•Sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone disrupt the integrity of cell membranes ...and prevent the synthesis of biofilms.•Sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone can disrupt the energy metabolism process of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.•Sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone can improve wound infection and promote wound healing.•Sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone may be potential candidates for the development of new antibiotics.
The continuous emergence and rapid spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria have accelerated the demand for the discovery of alternative antibiotics. Natural plants contain a variety of antibacterial components, which is an important source for the discovery of antimicrobial agents.
To explore the antimicrobial activities and related mechanisms of two lavandulylated flavonoids, sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone in Sophora flavescens against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
The effects of sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were comprehensively investigated by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics studies. Bacterial morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Membrane fluidity, membrane potential, and membrane integrity were determined using the fluorescent probes Laurdan, DiSC3(5), and propidium iodide, respectively. Adenosine triphosphate and reactive oxygen species levels were determined using the adenosine triphosphate kit and reactive oxygen species kit, respectively. The affinity activity of sophoraflavanone G to the cell membrane was determined by isothermal titration calorimetry assays.
Sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone showed significant antibacterial activity and anti-multidrug resistance properties. Mechanistic studies mainly showed that they could target the bacterial membrane and cause the destruction of the membrane integrity and biosynthesis. They could inhibit cell wall synthesis, induce hydrolysis and prevent bacteria from synthesizing biofilms. In addition, they can interfere with the energy metabolism of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and disrupt the normal physiological activities of the bacteria. In vivo studies have shown that they can significantly improve wound infection and promote wound healing.
Kurarinone and sophoraflavanone G showed promising antimicrobial properties against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting that they may be potential candidates for the development of new antibiotic agents against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
The guideline for western blotting assay Wang, Fang; Yang, Gaohong; Song, Haizhao ...
Food frontiers,
June 2022, 2022-06-00, 20220601, 2022-06-01, Letnik:
3, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Western blotting is a technique for detecting protein developed based on protein electrophoresis separation and antigen‐antibody detection. It combines the high resolution of SDS polyacrylamide gel ...electrophoresis with the specificity of antigen‐antibody reaction. The basic principle is that the protein components are separated by electrophoresis, then the protein on the gel after electrophoresis is transferred to the carrier membrane, and the area of the carrier membrane where protein is not adsorbed is blocked by a blocking reagent. Finally, the specific expression level of protein is analyzed by immunological detection. It overcomes the disadvantages of direct immunological analysis on polyacrylamide gel after electrophoresis greatly improves its resolution and sensitivity, and is widely used to detect the correctness of specific gene expression products or compare the relative variation of proteins’ expression.
Operation steps of Western blotting assay
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