Social media fatigue (SMF), which refers to social media users' tendency to withdraw from social media because of feeling overwhelmed, is closely related to individuals' social life and well-being. ...Many studies focused on understanding SMF and exploring its enablers and influences. However, few pieces of research administered a standard measurement of SMF. This study aimed to develop and validate a measure of SMF, and a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1599 participants in total. Semi-structured interviews of 30 participants were firstly conducted as a pilot study, and an initial version of the social media fatigue scale (SMFS) with 24 items was generated. Then, both exploratory factor analysis (N = 509) and confirmatory factor analysis (N = 552) as well as reliability and validity analysis (N = 508) were conducted and a 15-item SMFS was finally developed. The results demonstrated that: 1) SMF was a multi-dimension concept including a cognitive aspect, an emotional aspect and a behavioral aspect; 2) the three-dimensional structure of the SMFS (cognitive-behavioral-emotional structure) fitted the data well; 3) the McDonald's Omega coefficients for the SMFS was 0.83, suggesting that the SMFS was reliable; 4) criterion validity was satisfactory as indicated by both the significant correlations between self-rated scores of fatigue and total SMFS scores and the significant regression model of SMF on social media privacy, social media confidence, and negative feeling after comparison. Based on the Limited Capacity Model, the present study expanded SMF from a unidimensional model to a three-dimension model, and developed a 15-item SMFS. The study enriched the existing knowledge of SMF, and coined a reliable and valid tool for measuring it. Besides, concluding the typical characteristics of SMF, the study may provide some inspiration for both researchers and social media managers and operators in mitigating SMF.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
China＇s rapid development and urbanization have induced large numbers of rural residents to migrate from their homes in the countryside to urban areas in search of higher wages. It is estimated that ...there are more than 60 million ＂left-behind children ＂＂ （LBC） remaining in the countryside after their parents migrate, typically living with surrogate caregivers. Extensive research has focused on the impact of parental out- migration on children＇s mental health, but less attention has been paid to the effects of parental return-migration. The present paper examines the changes in mental health before and after the parents of fourth and fifih grade students out-migrate or return-migrate. We draw on a panel dataset collected by the authors of more than 19 000 students from 252 rural primary schools in northwestern China. Using DID and propensity score matching approaches, our results indicate that parental out-migration has a significant negative impact on the mental health of LBC, as they tend to exhibit higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of self-esteem. However, we find that parental return-migration has no significant effect on the mental health of LBC.
In this paper, we investigate the modeling and control of networked discrete-event systems (DESs), where a supervisor is connected to the plant via an observation channel and the control commands ...issued by the supervisor are delivered to the actuator of the plant via a control channel. Communication delays exist in both the observation channel and the control channel. First, a novel modeling framework for the supervisory control of DESs subject to observation delays and control delays is presented. The framework explicitly models the interaction process between the plant and the supervisor over the communication channels. Compared with the previous work, a more accurate “dynamics” of the closed-loop system is specified. Under this framework, we further discuss how to estimate the states of the closed-loop system in the presence of observation delays and control delays. Based on the state estimation, we synthesize an optimal supervisor on the fly to maximize the controlled behaviors while preventing the system from leaving the desired behaviors under communication delays. We compare the proposed supervisor with the supervisor proposed in the literature and show that the proposed supervisor is more permissive. As an application, we show how the proposed approach can be applied to manage vehicles in a signal intersection. Finally, we show how to extend the proposed framework to model a system whose actuators and sensors are distributed at different sites.
•The increase in sanitation that accompanies the Government of China's Toilet Revolution significantly affect on labor supply.•Households with improved toilets see a larger increase in number of ...hours worked by females than by males.•The increase is accompanied by a shift from general domestic work and livestock rearing, predominantly undertaken by women.
In 2020, 46% of the global population lacked safely managed sanitation services. Poor sanitation may lead to health problems and restrict economic activities. This study is the first to focus on the government-subsided Toilet Revolution in rural China and empirically investigates the causal effects of sanitation coverage increase on labor supply in developing countries. Using the China Health and Nutrition Survey data, we exploit the temporal and regional variation during the revolution and employ a difference-in-differences methodology. Our study finds that rural households with access to clean flush toilets significantly increase their work time by 0.253–0.431 h/day, and the effects are more prominent among women than men. As for the mechanism, clean toilets significantly decrease housework related to cleaning the house and raising livestock and poultry, allowing people to reallocate their time and invest more into work, which is more salient for women. Our findings highlight the importance of sanitation coverage in improving the economic outcomes in the rural areas of China. For policymakers concerned with the provision of sanitary facilities and the supply of labor force in developing countries, this study indicates that improved sanitation facilities also unexpectedly increase labor supply, particularly for women.
Correspondence to Dr Yan Wang; yan.wang@siat.ac.cn ; Dr Qian Xie; qian.xie@szu.edu.cn Obesity is recognised as a risk factor for triggering rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and it can worsen joint ...deformities1 and diminish the quality of life in patients with RA.2 The reduction of body weight in obese individuals is believed to alleviate RA symptoms.3 Body mass index (BMI) serves as the primary standard for evaluating obesity.4 An increase in BMI by 1 SD notably elevates the incidence rate of RA, suggesting a causal link between higher BMI and an increased risk of developing RA.5 The association between BMI and obesity is straightforward, as a higher BMI typically indicates a greater risk of obesity.4 Obesity is clinically defined as having a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater.4 Here, we established collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) models in mice using both regular and high-fat diets (HFDs) to see if HFD can induce severe RA symptoms in mice. Furthermore, the HFD sham group displayed significantly higher levels of cholesterol (CHO) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) compared with the regular diet sham group, whereas the HFD CIA group exhibited similar serum levels of CHO, HDL, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides compared with the regular diet CIA group (figure 1C). (C) Cholesterol (CHO), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured at the end of the experiment.
Studies have rarely investigated the association between extrinsic motivation and social media fatigue. This study aims to examine the mediating role of Fear of missing out (FOMO) and problematic ...social media use in the association between extrinsic academic motivation and social media fatigue. A total of 399 college students (43% males) completed measures of extrinsic academic motivation, FOMO, problematic social media use, and social media fatigue. The results showed that FOMO mediated the relationship between extrinsic academic motivation and problematic social media use; problematic social media use mediated the association between FOMO and social media fatigue; extrinsic academic motivation fostered social media fatigue either through FOMO or problematic social media use, or through these two factors together; and the indirect mediation effects between extrinsic academic motivation and social media fatigue through problematic social media use were larger than the single mediation effect of FOMO and their serial mediation effects. In addition, the indirect effects of the three subconstructs of extrinsic academic motivation (external regulation, introjected regulation, and identified regulation) on social media fatigue follow a trend of gradual decline. The findings and implications of this study are presented and discussed.
Cyberbystanders are generally defined as witnesses of cyberbullying performed through electronic media. They might support the perpetrator (
reinforcer
), help the victim (
defender
), or do nothing ...(
outsider
). Limited research has investigated the different roles of cyberbystanders and the factors that influence their behavior. This study aimed to advance the understanding of cyberbystander behavior by focusing on the role moral disengagement plays in the relationship between empathy and behavior. Four hundred and thirty-five participants (45% males) with an average age of 30 years completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index-C, the Moral Disengagement Scale, and the Cyberbystander Behavior Questionnaire. The results indicate that gender and age have non-significant associations with cyberbystander roles. Both cyberbullying perpetration and victimization had significant effects only on reinforcer behavior. Moreover, moral disengagement mediates relationships between either emotional or cognitive empathy and reinforcer/defender/outsider roles, respectively. The significance and limitations of these results are discussed.
We investigated the mediating roles of anger and hostility in the relationship between social support and moral disengagement. Participants were 315 college students who completed the Perceived ...Social Support Scale, the Aggression Questionnaire to assess anger and hostility, and the
Moral Disengagement Questionnaire. Multiple mediation analysis results indicated that high levels of anger and hostility were associated with low levels of social support and high levels of moral disengagement. In addition, the total indirect effects and specific indirect effect of social
support on moral disengagement through anger and hostility were all significant, suggesting that anger and hostility mediated the relationship between social support and moral disengagement. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Designing a reasonable structure for electrode materials is critical to increase the performance of supercapacitor. Herein, the 3D hierarchical structure composite materials contained carbon cloth, ...cobalt carbonate hydroxide nanorod and metal-organic frameworks derived layered double hydroxide cage hybrid arrays (CC@CCH-MOF-LDH HAs) are designed. This unique hierarchical structure and the synergistic effect of the bimetallic system improve the electrical conductivity of the material, provide more active sites and shorten the ion transport path, which are beneficial to increase the electrochemical performance of the composite material. Electrochemical measurements show that CC@CCH-MOF-LDH HAs have high specific capacitance of 1700Fg−1 at current density of 2Ag−1, superior rate capability (even the current density was increased to 50Ag−1, the capacitance retention rate reached 78.2%) and good cycling stability, which indicate that the CC@CCH-MOF-LDH HAs with 3D hierarchical structure is a very promising supercapacitor electrode material.
Display omitted
•3D Hierarchically Structured of CC@CCH-MOF-LDH hybrid arrays was prepared by MOF template-directed growth.•The hybrid structure shortened the ion transport path and increased conductivity.•The composite material exhibited high specific capacitance and superior rate capability.
PDF
