The social functioning of 64 young adolescents (10‐ to 12‐year olds) was examined in relation to negative emotionality and regulation during early adolescence, as well as two, four, and six years ...earlier. Young adolescents who were viewed as relatively high in social functioning (i.e., high teacher‐rated school social competence; low mother‐ or father‐rated problem behavior) were generally viewed as relatively low on negative emotionality and high on regulatory abilities during early adolescence as well as two, four, and six years earlier. Furthermore, negative emotionality and regulation during early adolescence, and in some cases at previous time periods, contributed unique variance to the prediction of social functioning during early adolescence. Young adolescents who were consistently low in social functioning across time were higher on negative emotionality and lower on regulation than were young adolescents who were consistently high on social functioning over time.
The relation of 8- to 10-year-olds' teacher-reported dispositional sympathy to regulation and emotionality was examined with a longitudinal sample. In general, sympathy was correlated with adults' ...reports of regulation and low negative emotionality contemporaneously and, to some degree, 2 and 4 years prior. General emotional intensity interacted with some aspects of regulation in predicting sympathy; for example, attention focusing predicted sympathy but only for children low in general emotional intensity. In general, the pattern of correlations changed little from age 6-8 to age 8-10 years, although parent-reported negative emotionality was more highly negatively related to sympathy at the older age. Dispositional sympathy was associated with verbal or physiological markers of sympathy in a laboratory setting.
Case 36-2009 Choy, Edwin; Digumarthy, Subba R; Koplin, Stephanie A
The New England journal of medicine,
11/2009, Letnik:
361, Številka:
21
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A 23-year-old man was transferred to this hospital because of cough, hoarseness, fever, and abnormalities on chest imaging. One month before admission, a nonproductive cough developed, followed by ...hoarseness, dyspnea on exertion, and fever. Imaging studies at another facility showed pulmonary and mediastinal masses and a lesion in the pelvis. Positron-emission tomographic scans obtained at this hospital showed
18
F-fluorodeoxyglucose–avid lesions. A diagnostic procedure was performed.
A 23-year-old man had cough, hoarseness, fever, and dyspnea on exertion. Imaging studies showed pulmonary and mediastinal masses and a lesion in the pelvis.
Presentation of Case
Dr. David T. Ting
(Medical Oncology): A 23-year-old man was transferred to this hospital because of cough, hoarseness, fever, and abnormalities on chest imaging.
The patient had been well until 1 month before admission, when a nonproductive cough developed. During the following month, subjective fevers occurred, most often at night with no sweats; he did not take his temperature. One week before admission, hoarseness developed, associated with myalgias and dyspnea on exertion. Two nights before admission, the temperature rose to 38.9°C and was associated with night sweats. The next morning, he saw his primary care provider. He . . .
Abstract only
Synthetic cathinones, marketed as ‘bath salts’, are an emerging class of highly addictive designer drugs that can precipitate dangerous health effects when abused. DEA statistics and ...case reports indicate the three most commonly abused cathinones, 3, 4‐methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 4‐methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), and 3, 4‐methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone), are frequently found in combination with each other or with other illicit substances. Previous findings indicate that synthetic cathinones have analogous pharmocology to cocaine, the amphetamines, and MDMA. While much of the current ‘bath salt’ research has focused on elucidating the individual drug mechanisms, this study aimed to determine the individual and combined effects of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone on monoaminergic tone in various brain regions. For this study, Swiss‐Webster mice were administered saline (control) or MDPV, mephedrone, or methylone individually or in combination at both low (1mg/kg) and high (10mg/kg) doses. Four groups were examined for each dose: 1) Acute individual cathinones; 2) Acute combined cathinones; 3) Chronic individual cathinones; 4) Chronic combined cathinones, and the following brain regions were collected from each mouse: frontal cortex (FCTX), striatum (STR), nucleus accumbens (NAC), hippocampus (HIP), substantia nigra (SN), and ventral tegmental area (VTA). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with electrochemical detection (ECD) was utilized to measure tissue concentrations of of monoamines (DA, NE, 5‐HT) and their metabolites (DOPAC, HVA, and 5‐HIAA). A number of differences were noted amongst the groups. Generally, acute individual exposure to cathinones (group 1) increased DA, NE, 5‐HT levels and decreased DA and 5‐HT turnover in certain brain regions, and a dose‐response relationship was observed. Following acute administration of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone in combination (group 2), similar increases in monoamine levels and decreases in DA and 5‐HT turnover were observed, but in many regions, the combination treatment showed an additive effect (greater decreases in turnover compared to individual cathinones). Interestingly, chronic exposure to individual cathinones (group 3) appeared to have the opposite effect, decreasing monoamine levels and increasing DA and 5‐HT turnover in certain regions; however, while chronic combination treatment appeared to increase turnover as well, it did so to a lesser extent than individual chronic cathinone treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that synthetic cathinones individually function to decrease DA turnover within the brain reward pathway when delivered acutely and to increase both DA turnover and 5‐HT turnover in major serotonergic and dopaminergic targets, respectively, following chronic exposure. These data also suggest that combined administration of these drugs may intensify their associated neurochemical effects via a sustained increase in DA and 5‐HT in various brain regions.
Support or Funding Information
This project was supported by the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the East Tennessee State University Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy.
Individual differences in emotional intensity and regulation have been postulated to influence vicarious emotional responding, which, in turn, has been posited to affect helping behavior. These ...relations were investigated in a sample consisting primarily of adults who were training to be volunteers at two sites (
N=200). As hypothesized, negative emotional intensity was a positive predictor of dispositional sympathy and personal distress but did not predict perspective taking. Consistent with our expectations, regulation was a positive predictor of dispositional sympathy and perspective taking and was an inverse predictor of personal distress. The relation between negative emotional intensity and dispositional personal distress was moderated by perspective taking; as perspective taking increased, the strength of the positive relation between negative emotional intensity and personal distress decreased. In an exploratory analysis, the likelihood of starting a volunteer position was observed to decrease as negative emotional intensity increased.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effect of hospitalizations on patterns of sedentary and physical activity time in mobility‐limited older adults randomized to structured physical activity or health ...education.
DESIGN
Secondary analysis of investigator‐blinded, parallel‐group, randomized trial conducted at 8 U.S. centers between February 2010 and December 2013.
PARTICIPANTS
Sedentary men and women aged 70 to 89 at baseline who wore a hip‐fitted accelerometer 7 consecutive days at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after randomization (N=1,341).
MEASUREMENTS
Participants were randomized to a physical activity (PA; n = 669) intervention that included aerobic, resistance, and flexibility training or to a health education (HE; n = 672) intervention that consisted of workshops on older adult health and light upper‐extremity stretching. Accelerometer patterns were characterized as bouts of sedentary (<100 counts/min; ≥1, ≥10, ≥30, ≥60 minute lengths) and activity (≥100 counts/min; ≥1, ≥2, ≥5, ≥10 minute lengths) time. Each participant was categorized as having 0, 1 to 3, or 4 or more cumulative hospital days before each accelerometer assessment.
RESULTS
Hospitalization increased sedentary time similarly in both intervention groups (8 min/d for 1–3 cumulative hospital days and 16 min/d for ≥4 cumulative hospital days). Hospitalization was also associated with less physical activity time across all bouts of less than 10 minutes (≥1: −7 min/d for 1–3 cumulative hospital days, –16 min/d for ≥4 cumulative hospital days; ≥2: −5 min/d for 1–3 cumulative hospital days, −11 min/d for ≥4 cumulative hospital days; ≥5: −3 min/d for 1–3 cumulative hospital days, −4 min/d for ≥4 cumulative hospital days). There was no evidence of recovery to prehospitalization levels (time effect p >.41). PA participants had less sedentary time in bouts of less than 30 minutes than HE participants (−8 to −10 min/d) and more total activity (+3 to +6 min/d), although hospital‐related changes were similar between the intervention groups (interaction effect p >.26).
CONCLUSION
Participating in a PA intervention before hospitalization had expected benefits, but participants remained susceptible to hospitalization's detrimental effects on their daily activity levels. There was no evidence of better activity recovery after hospitalization. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:261–268, 2019.
The hypothesis that gender differences in children's adjustment is partially influenced by differences in temperament and interactions with same-sex peers was examined. Fifty-seven predominantly ...White, middle-class preschoolers (29 boys and 28 girls,
M
age = 54.5 months) participated. Measures were taken of children's arousability, problem behaviors, and tendencies to play with same-sex peers. A semester later, children's peer status was assessed. Analyses revealed that arousability and same-sex peer play interacted to predict problem behaviors. For boys high in arousability, play with same-sex peers increased problem behaviors. In contrast, arousable girls who played with other girls were relatively unlikely to show problem behaviors. Moreover, the interaction of arousability and same-sex peer play predicted boys' (but not girls') peer status, and this relation was partially mediated by problem behaviors. The role of gender-related processes is discussed.
Guided by the heuristic model proposed by Eisenberg et al. Psychol. Inq. 9 (1998) 241, we examined the relations of mothers' reported and observed negative expressivity to children's (
N = 159; 74 ...girls;
M age = 7.67 years) experience and expression of emotion. Children's experience and/or expression of emotion in response to a distressing film were measured with facial, heart rate, and self-report measures. Children's heart rate and facial distress were modestly positively related. Children's facial distress was significantly positively related to mothers' reports of negative (dominant and submissive) expressivity; the positive relation between children's facial distress and mothers' observed negative expressivity approached the conventional level of significance. Moreover, mothers' observed negative expressivity was significantly negatively related to children's heart rate reactivity during the conflict film. The positive relation between children's reported distress and mothers' observed negative expressivity approached the conventional level of significance. Several possible explanations for the pattern of findings are discussed.
Individual differences in 10-through 12-year-olds’sympathetic tendencies were examined in relation to their regulation, negative emotionality, and social functioning contemporaneously as well as 2, ...4, and 6 years earlier. Information was obtained for 33 girls and 31 boys from the school and home context. In general, adults’(teachers and parents) reports of young adolescents’sympathetic tendencies were associated with high regulatory abilities, low negative emotionality, and constructive social behaviors contempora-neously and, to some degree, 2, 4, and 6 years previously. Furthermore, in regression analyses, regulatory abilities during early adolescence as well as 2 years earlier uniquely predicted young adolescents’sympathetic tendencies after controlling for the effects of negative emotionality. Although findings were fairly similar across contexts, the majority of findings at school were for girls, whereas the pattern of findings at home was somewhat more consistent for boys than for girls.
Relations of regulation and emotionality to social functioning were examined for 77 children followed from early to middle school age. Parents and teachers reported on children's social behavior, ...emotionality, and regulation, and children engaged in analogue peer conflict situations (i.e., with puppets). High‐quality social functioning was predicted by high regulation and low levels of nonconstructive coping, nevatige emotionality, and general emotional intensity. Prediction often was obtained across reporters and time, although prediction was strongest within context (home versus school). Moreover, measures of regulation and emotionality frequently contributed unque variance to the prediction of social functioning. Contemporaneous correlations at age 8–10 were similar to those obtained at age 6–8, and prediction of later social functioning from emotionality and regulation at age 4–6 was similar at ages 6–8 and 8–10.
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