Childhood adversity is a putative risk factor for schizophrenia, although evidence supporting this suggestion is inconsistent and controversial. The aim of this review was to pool and quality assess ...the current evidence pertaining to childhood adversity in people with schizophrenia compared to other psychiatric disorders and to non-psychiatric controls.
Included were case-control, cohort and cross-sectional studies. Medline, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were searched. Study reporting was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist and pooled evidence quality was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.
Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria. Moderate to high quality evidence suggests increased rates of childhood adversity in schizophrenia compared to controls odds ratio (OR) 3.60, p < 0.00001. Increased childhood adversity was also reported in schizophrenia compared to anxiety disorders (OR 2.54, p = 0.007), although the effect was not significant in the subgroup analysis of five studies assessing only sexual abuse. No differences in rates of childhood adversity were found between schizophrenia and affective psychosis, depression and personality disorders whereas decreased rates of childhood adversity were found in schizophrenia relative to dissociative disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (OR 0.03, p < 0.0001).
This is the first meta-analysis to report a medium to large effect of childhood adversity in people with schizophrenia and to assess specificity for schizophrenia. Further research is required that incorporates longitudinal design and other potentially causal variables to assess additive and/or interactive effects.
The newly commissioned Orion laser system has been used to study dense plasmas created by a combination of short pulse laser heating and compression by laser driven shocks. Thus the plasma density ...was systematically varied between 1 and 10 g/cc by using aluminum samples buried in plastic foils or diamond sheets. The aluminum was heated to electron temperatures between 500 and 700 eV allowing the plasma conditions to be diagnosed by K-shell emission spectroscopy. The K-shell spectra show the effect of the ionization potential depression as a function of density. The data are compared to simulated spectra which account for the change in the ionization potential by the commonly used Stewart and Pyatt prescription and an alternative due to Ecker and Kröll suggested by recent x-ray free-electron laser experiments. The experimental data are in closer agreement with simulations using the model of Stewart and Pyatt.
Objective
To determine the association between the residual cervix measured on postoperative MRI after radical vaginal trachelectomy (RVT) and adverse obstetrical outcomes.
Design
Observational ...study.
Setting
Referral Cancer centre.
Population
Women who conceived after RVT for cervical cancer at the Royal Marsden Hospital, London, between 1995 and 2015.
Methods
Postoperative MRI scans were analysed by three researchers. The agreement between researchers was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland–Altman plot. Patients were divided into two groups (<10 and ≥10 mm residual cervix) for the analysis of adverse obstetrical outcomes.
Main outcome measures
Late miscarriage, premature delivery, premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and chorioamnionitis.
Results
Thirty‐one MRI scans were available; 29 of these women had a pregnancy that progressed beyond the first trimester. There was a strong reproducibility of the measurement of residual cervix (P < 0.001). Nineteen women (65.5%) had <10 mm residual cervix and 10 (34.5%) had ≥10 mm. Among women with <10 mm residual cervix, seven (36.8%) experienced PROM and ten (66.7%) had a preterm birth; No women with ≥10 mm residual cervix had PROM and two (22.2%) had a preterm birth (P = 0.028 and P = 0.035, respectively). Overall, there were nine (16.7%) first‐trimester miscarriages, six (11.1%) late fetal losses, 12 (31.6%) preterm births and 36 (66.7%) live births. After a mean follow up of 78.1 months, 36 women were disease‐free and one woman had died.
Conclusions
MRI measurements of the residual cervix are reproducible between observers. The incidence of PROM and premature delivery is higher when the residual cervix after RVT is <10 mm.
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The risk of prematurity after RVT can be predicted from measurements of residual cervical length on postoperative MRI scan.
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The risk of prematurity after RVT can be predicted from measurements of residual cervical length on postoperative MRI scan.
Hamstring muscle injury is highly prevalent in sports involving repeated maximal sprinting. Although neuromuscular fatigue is thought to be a risk factor, the mechanisms underlying the fatigue ...response to repeated maximal sprints are unclear. Here, we show that repeated maximal sprints induce neuromuscular fatigue accompanied with a prolonged strength loss in hamstring muscles. The immediate hamstring strength loss was linked to both central and peripheral fatigue, while prolonged strength loss was associated with indicators of muscle damage. The kinematic changes immediately after sprinting likely protected fatigued hamstrings from excess elongation stress, while larger hamstring muscle physiological cross-sectional area and lower myoblast:fibroblast ratio appeared to protect against fatigue/damage and improve muscle recovery within the first 48 h after sprinting. We have therefore identified novel mechanisms that likely regulate the fatigue/damage response and initial recovery following repeated maximal sprinting in humans.
Abstract Introduction This randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluated the addition of cediranib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1–3, to standard ...carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Methods Eligible patients received paclitaxel (200 mg/m2 ) and carboplatin (area under the concentration time curve 6) intravenously every 3 weeks. Daily oral cediranib/placebo 20 mg was commenced day 1 of cycle 1 and continued as monotherapy after completion of 4–6 cycles of chemotherapy. The primary end-point of the study was overall survival (OS). The trial would continue to full accrual if an interim analysis (IA) for progression-free survival (PFS), performed after 170 events of progression or death in the first 260 randomised patients, revealed a hazard ratio (HR) for PFS of ⩽0.70. Results The trial was halted for futility at the IA (HR for PFS 0.89, 95% confidence interval CI 0.66–1.20, p = 0.45). A final analysis was performed on all 306 enrolled patients. The addition of cediranib increased response rate (RR 52% versus 34%, p = 0.001) but did not significantly improve PFS (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.71–1.18, p = 0.49) or OS (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69–1.30, p = 0.72). Cediranib patients had more grade 3 hypertension, diarrhoea and anorexia. Conclusions The addition of cediranib 20 mg daily to carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy increased RR and toxicity, but not survival.
The lipophilic electron-transport cofactor rhodoquinone (RQ) facilitates anaerobic metabolism in a variety of bacteria and selected eukaryotic organisms in hypoxic environments. We have shown that an ...intact rquA gene in Rhodospirillum rubrum is required for RQ production and efficient growth of the bacterium under anoxic conditions. While the explicit details of RQ biosynthesis have yet to be fully delineated, ubiquinone (Q) is a required precursor to RQ in R. rubrum, and the RquA gene product is homologous to a class I methyltransferase. In order to identify any additional requirements for RQ biosynthesis or factors influencing RQ production in R. rubrum, we performed transcriptome analysis to identify differentially expressed genes in anoxic, illuminated R. rubrum cultures, compared with those aerobically grown in the dark. To further select target genes, we employed a bioinformatics approach to assess the likelihood that a given differentially expressed gene under anoxic conditions may also have a direct role in RQ production or regulation of its levels in vivo. Having thus compiled a list of candidate genes, nine were chosen for further study by generation of knockout strains. RQ and Q levels were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and rquA gene expression was measured using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In one case, Q and RQ levels were decreased relative to wild type; in another case, the opposite effect was observed. These results comport with the crucial roles of rquA and Q in RQ biosynthesis, and reveal the existence of potential modulators of RQ levels in R. rubrum.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance Shepherd, Andrew; Ivins, Erik R.; Geruo A ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
11/2012, Letnik:
338, Številka:
6111
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We combined an ensemble of satellite altimetry, interferometry, and gravimetry data sets using common geographical regions, time intervals, and models of surface mass balance and glacial isostatic ...adjustment to estimate the mass balance of Earth's polar ice sheets. We find that there is good agreement between different satellite methods—especially in Greenland and West Antarctica—and that combining satellite data sets leads to greater certainty. Between 1992 and 2011, the ice sheets of Greenland, East Antarctica, West Antarctica, and the Antarctic Peninsula changed in mass by -152 ± 49, +14 ± 43, -65 ± 26, and -20 ± 14 gigatonnes year⁻¹, respectively. Since 1992, the polar ice sheets have contributed, on average, 0.59 ± 0.20 millimeter year⁻¹ to the rate of global sea-level rise.
Understanding the climate response of the Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet is vital for accurate predictions of sea-level rise. However, since climate models are typically too coarse to capture spatial ...variability in local scale meteorological processes, our ability to study specific sectors has been limited by the local fidelity of such models and the (often sparse) availability of observations. We show that a high-resolution (5.5 km × 5.5 km) version of a regional climate model (RACMO2.3) can reproduce observed interannual variability in the Larsen B embayment sufficiently to enable its use in investigating long-term changes in this sector. Using the model, together with automatic weather station data, we confirm previous findings that the year of the Larsen B ice shelf collapse (2001/02) was a strong melt year, but discover that total annual melt production was in fact ~30% lower than 2 years prior. While the year before collapse exhibited the lowest melting and highest snowfall during 1980–2014, the ice shelf was likely pre-conditioned for collapse by a series of strong melt years in the 1990s. Melt energy has since returned to pre-1990s levels, which likely explains the lack of further significant collapse in the region (e.g. of SCAR Inlet).
The last few years have been witness to a proliferation of new results concerning heavy exotic hadrons.Experimentally, many new signals have been discovered that could be pointing towards the ...existence of tetraquarks,pentaquarks, and other exotic configurations of quarks and gluons. Theoretically, advances in lattice field theory techniques place us at the cusp of understanding complex coupled-channel phenomena, modelling grows more sophisticated, and effective field theories are being applied to an ever greater range of situations. It is thus an opportune time to evaluate the status of the field. In the following, a series of high priority experimental and theoretical issues concerning heavy exotic hadrons is presented.
Rejection and infection are important adverse events after pediatric liver transplantation, not previously subject to concurrent risk analysis. Of 2291 children (<18 years), rejection occurred at ...least once in 46%, serious bacterial/fungal or viral infections in 52%. Infection caused more deaths than rejection (5.5% vs. 0.6% of patients, p < 0.001). Early rejection (<6 month) did not contribute to mortality or graft failure. Recurrent/chronic rejection was a risk in graft failure, but led to retransplant in only 1.6% of first grafts. Multivariate predictors of bacterial/fungal infection included recipient age (highest in infants), race, donor organ variants, bilirubin, anhepatic time, cyclosporin (vs. tacrolimus) and era of transplant (before 2002 vs. after 2002); serious viral infection predictors included donor organ variants, rejection, Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV) naivety and era; for rejection, predictors included age (lowest in infants), primary diagnosis, donor‐recipient blood type mismatch, the use of cyclosporin (vs. tacrolimus), no induction and era. In pediatric liver transplantation, infection risk far exceeds that of rejection, which causes limited harm to the patient or graft, particularly in infants. Aggressive infection control, attention to modifiable factors such as pretransplant nutrition and donor organ options and rigorous age‐specific review of the risk/benefit of choice and intensity of immunosuppressive regimes is warranted.
In this systematic concurrent analysis of rates and risks of rejection and infection in 2291 pediatric liver transplants, infection risk far exceeded that of rejection, which caused limited harm to the patient or graft, particularly in infants.
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