Surface roughening due to the plastic straining in the blow-formed bottle is an important issue because of the cosmetically related surface appearance on the final product. In this paper, a ...finite-element-based crystal plasticity model is used to simulate surface roughening in aluminum tubes under blow-forming. The measured electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data is directly incorporated into the finite element model and the constitutive response at an integration point is described by the single crystal plasticity theory. Besides the influence of the texture and its spatial distribution, rate sensitivity and work hardening on surface roughening, the study shows that the better surface finishing in the final product can be achieved either through cladding a layer with more randomized texture or through improving the initial surface roughness of the tube before expansion, while the latter is more feasible and practical from industrial application point of view.
A crystal plasticity based finite element model has been developed to simulate the earing in deep drawing. The crystallographic texture of a commercial can body alloy AA3014-H19 aluminum sheet has ...been analyzed by X-ray diffraction and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The measured texture data were incorporated into the FE cup forming model, while the constitutive response at an integration point was described by the single crystal plasticity theory. It has been found that the initial texture and the spatial distributions of different texture components, which are determined by the re-roll texture after hot rolling and the subsequent cold rolling reduction, are the critical factors for earing. The earing is initiated at a very low strain during deep drawing and it intensifies with increasing draw without change of overall profile. The different earing types, i.e., Types-A, B and C, are likely be caused by the grain/texture band formed in the cold rolling process. While such banding becomes extensive due to the sheet thermo-mechanical processing, Types- B and C earing profiles are generated.
•The initial texture and its grain spatial distribution are the major factors determining the earing of AA4104-H19 sheet. The initial texture may be influenced by the re-roll texture and reduction during the cold rolling process.•For alloy AA3104-H19, earing is initiated at very low strains during the deep drawing and intensifies with increasing draw but without changing the overall earing profiles.•The different earing types, i.e., Types-A, B and C, are likely caused by the grain banding formed in cold rolling process. While such banding becomes extensive due to the sheet thermo-mechanical processing, Types- B and C earing profiles may be generated as a result.•The plastic deformation in the flange dominates the sheet anisotropy and earing profiles of the cup drawing.
1. Ecological intensification involves the incorporation of biodiversity-based ecosystem service management into farming systems in order to make crop production more sustainable and reduce reliance ...on anthropogenic inputs, including fertilizer and insecticides. 2. The benefits of effectively managing ecosystem services such as pollination and pest regulation for improved yields have been demonstrated in a number of studies, however, recent evidence indicates that these benefits interact with conventional agronomic inputs such as fertilizer and irrigation. Despite the important contribution of biodiversity-based ecosystem services to crop production their management is rarely considered in combination with more conventional agronomic inputs. 3. This study combines a number of complementary approaches to evaluate the impact of insect pollination on yield parameters of Brassica napus and how this interacts with a key agronomic input, fertilizer. We incorporate data from a flight cage trial and multiple field studies to quantify the relationships between yield parameters to determine whether insufficient insect pollination may limit crop yield. 4. We demonstrate that, by producing larger seeds and more pods, B. napus has the capacity to modulate investment across yield parameters and buffer sub-optimal inputs of fertilizer or pollination. However, only when fertilizer is not limiting can the crop benefit from insect pollination, with yield increases due to insect pollination only seen under high fertilizer application. 5. A nonlinear relationship between seed set per pod and yield per plant was found, with increases in seed set between 15 and 25 seeds per pod resulting in a consistent increase in crop yield. The capacity for the crop to compensate for lower seed set due to sub-optimal pollination is therefore limited. 6. Synthesis and applications. Oilseed rape has the capacity to compensate for suboptimal agronomic or ecosystem service inputs although this has limitations. Insect pollination can increase seed set and so there are production benefits to be gained through effective management of wild pollinators or by utilizing managed species. Our study demonstrates, however, that increased insect pollination cannot simply replace other inputs, and if resources such as fertilizer are limiting, then yield potential cannot be reached. We highlight the need to consider insect pollination as an agronomic input to be effectively managed in agricultural systems.
X-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (XIAP) interacts with caspase-9 and inhibits its activity, whereas Smac (also known as DIABLO) relieves this inhibition through interaction with XIAP. Here we ...show that XIAP associates with the active caspase-9-Apaf-1 holoenzyme complex through binding to the amino terminus of the linker peptide on the small subunit of caspase-9, which becomes exposed after proteolytic processing of procaspase-9 at Asp 315. Supporting this observation, point mutations that abrogate the proteolytic processing but not the catalytic activity of caspase-9, or deletion of the linker peptide, prevented caspase-9 association with XIAP and its concomitant inhibition. We note that the N-terminal four residues of caspase-9 linker peptide share significant homology with the N-terminal tetra-peptide in mature Smac and in the Drosophila proteins Hid/Grim/Reaper, defining a conserved class of IAP-binding motifs. Consistent with this finding, binding of the caspase-9 linker peptide and Smac to the BIR3 domain of XIAP is mutually exclusive, suggesting that Smac potentiates caspase-9 activity by disrupting the interaction of the linker peptide of caspase-9 with BIR3. Our studies reveal a mechanism in which binding to the BIR3 domain by two conserved peptides, one from Smac and the other one from caspase-9, has opposing effects on caspase activity and apoptosis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Context. From August 2014 to September 2016, the Rosetta spacecraft followed comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko along its orbit. After the comet passed perihelion, Rosetta performed a flyby manoeuvre ...over the Imhotep–Khepry transition in April 2016. The OSIRIS/Narrow-Angle-Camera (NAC) acquired 112 observations with mainly three broadband filters (centered at 480, 649, and 743 nm) at a resolution of up to 0.53 m/px and for phase angles between 0.095° and 62°. Aims. We have investigated the morphological and spectrophotometrical properties of this area using the OSIRIS/NAC high-resolution observations. Methods. We assembled the observations into coregistered color cubes. Using a 3D shape model, we produced the illumination conditions and georeference for each observation. We mapped the observations of the transition to investigate its geomorphology. Observations were photometrically corrected using the Lommel–Seeliger disk law. Spectrophotometric analyses were performed on the coregistered color cubes. These data were used to estimate the local phase reddening. Results. The Imhotep–Khepry transition hosts numerous and varied types of terrains and features. We observe an association between a feature’s nature, its reflectance, and its spectral slopes. Fine material deposits exhibit an average reflectance and spectral slope, while terrains with diamictons, consolidated material, degraded outcrops, or features such as somber boulders present a lower-than-average reflectance and higher-than-average spectral slope. Bright surfaces present here a spectral behavior consistent with terrains enriched in water-ice. We find a phase-reddening slope of 0.064 ± 0.001%/100 nm/° at 2.7 au outbound, similar to the one obtained at 2.3 au inbound during the February 2015 flyby. Conclusions. Identified as the source region of multiple jets and a host of water-ice material, the Imhotep–Khepry transition appeared in April 2016, close to the frost line, to further harbor several potential locations with exposed water-ice material among its numerous different morphological terrain units.
The finite element method is used to numerically simulate necking and fracture in hydroforming tubes under internal pressure through using the GTN model. The effect of superimposed hydrostatic ...pressure on necking (both uniform stain and localized necking), fracture initiation and fracture surface formation are studied. It is found that the superimposed hydrostatic pressure has a great impact on the onset of fracture with the increase of superimposed hydrostatic pressure, but insignificant influence on the uniform strain. As the superimposed hydrostatic pressure increases, the fracture surface of the hydroformed tube is also shifted from the P-type mode to C-type mode, a typical transition found experimentally for sheet tensile test samples deformed under superimposed hydrostatic pressure.
An ingot of AA6xxx Al–Si–Mg–Cu alloy clad with AA3003 Al–Mn alloy was co-cast by Fusion technology. Bending tests and numerical modeling were performed to investigate the potential for sub-surface ...cracking for this laminate system. To simulate particle-induced crack initiation and growth, both random and stringer particles have been selected to mimic the particle distribution in the tested samples. The morphology of cracking in the model was similar to that observed in clad sheet tested in the Cantilever bend test. The crack initiated in the core close to the clad-core interface where the strain in the core is highest, between particles or near particles and propagates along local shear bands in the core, while the clad layer experiences extreme thinning before failure.
To investigate the application value of double exponential model diffusion weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI) and dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in the diagnosis of early ...esophageal cancer.
30 cases of patients with early esophageal cancer confirmed by pathology were collected. They were performed MRI plain scan, IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI scan. The normal esophageal tissue, SlowADC value in tumor focus, FastADC value, F value, Ktrans, Kep and Ve values were measured. The difference between cancer tissue and normal tissue was compared using two independent sample t test. The prediction parameters and diagnostic threshold were compared by drawing receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).
The average F, Ktrans and Kep values in esophageal cancer and normal esophageal tissue were: (0.48 ± 0.19), (0.64 ± 0.08); (0.45 ± 0.19)/min, (0.14 ± 0.04)/min and (1.14 ± 0.42)/min, (0.56 ± 0.25)/min respectively. Compared with normal esophageal tissue, esophageal cancer F value decreased, Ktrans value increased, Kep value increased, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05); There was no difference in SlowADC, FastADC, Ve values of esophageal cancer and those in normal esophageal tissues (p > 0.05). The areas under ROC curve F, Ktrans and Kep values were 0.90, 0.98 and 0.92 respectively. They had the higher diagnostic efficiency.
IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI can be used as the imaging method to diagnose esophageal malignant tumor, which has the higher diagnostic value.
Context. Since its arrival at the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in August 2014, the Rosetta spacecraft followed the comet as it went past the perihelion and beyond until September 2016. During this ...time there were many scientific instruments operating on board Rosetta to study the comet and its evolution in unprecedented detail. In this context, our study focusses on the distribution and evolution of exposed bright features that have been observed by OSIRIS, which is the scientific imaging instrument aboard Rosetta. Aims. We envisage investigating various morphologies of exposed bright features and the mechanisms that triggered their appearance. Methods. We co-registered multi-filter observations of OSIRIS images that are available in reflectance. The Lommel–Seeliger disk function was used to correct for the illumination conditions and the resulting colour cubes were used to perform spectrophotometric analyses on regions of interest. Results. We present a catalogue of 57 exposed bright features observed on the nucleus of the comet, all of which are attributed to the presence of H2O ice on the comet. Furthermore, we categorise these patches under four different morphologies and present geometric albedos for each category. Conclusions. Although the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko appears to be dark in general, there are localised H2O ice sources on the comet. Cometary activity escalates towards the perihelion passage and reveals such volatile ices. We propose that isolated H2O ice patches found in smooth terrains in regions, such as Imhotep, Bes, and Hapi, result from frost as an aftermath of the cessation of the diurnal water cycle on the comet as it recedes from perihelion. Upon the comet’s return to perihelion, such patches are revealed when sublimation-driven erosion removes the thin dust layers that got deposited earlier. More powerful activity sources such as cometary outbursts are capable of revealing much fresher, less contaminated H2O ice that is preserved with consolidated cometary material, as observed on exposed patches resting on boulders. This is corroborated by our albedo calculations that attribute higher albedos for bright features with formations related to outbursts.
To discuss the diagnostic value potential of (18)F-FDG PET/CT and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) in genotype EGFR of lung cancer.
A total of 116 cases proved pathologically pulmonary space ...occupying lesions (72 males, 44 females; age range was 31-85 years; 37 cases of high differentiation; 53 cases of middle differentiation, 26 cases of low differentiation) were prospectively collected from August 2017 to March 2019 in Henan Provincial People's Hospital. EGFR gene detection was performed in 50 patients (wild type 20 cases, mutant 30 cases). Whole body PET/CT and lung MR-imaging were performed before treatment in all patients. Comparison of PET/CT, IVIM semi-quantitative parameters between positive and negative of EGFR by Student-
test or Mann-Whitney
test. Evaluation diagnostic efficacy of each parameter to EGFR by drawing ROC curves. The optimum diagnostic threshold, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and the diagnostic accuracy were calculated. The diagnostic
PDF
