Exosome, a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, plays diverse roles in various biological processes. As one of the most abundant components of exosomes, exosomal proteins have been revealed to ...participate in the development of many diseases, such as carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, neurological disorders, immune responses, cardiovascular diseases, and infection. Thus, understanding the functions and mechanisms of exosomal proteins potentially assists clinical diagnosis and targeted delivery of therapies. However, current knowledge about the function and application of exosomal proteins is still limited. In this review, we summarize the classification of exosomal proteins, and the roles of exosomal proteins in exosome biogenesis and disease development, as well as in the clinical applications.
The growth and development of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are significant events known to affect muscle plasticity, disease, meat production, and meat quality, which involves the types and functions of ...mRNA and non-coding RNA. Here, MuSCs were cultured from Guangxi fetal cattle. RNA sequencing was used to analyze the RNA expression of mRNA and non-coding RNAs during the cell proliferation and differentiation phases.
Two thousand one hundred forty-eight mRNAs and 888 non-coding RNAs were differentially expressed between cell proliferation and differentiation phases, including 113 miRNAs, 662 lncRNAs, and 113 circRNAs. RT-qPCR verified the differential expression levels of mRNAs and non-coding RNAs, and the differentially expressed circUBE2Q2 was subsequently characterized. Expression profile analysis revealed that circUBE2Q2 was abundant in muscle tissues and intramuscular fat. The expression of cricUBE2Q2 was also significantly upregulated during MuSCs myogenic differentiation and SVFs adipogenic differentiation and decreased with age in cattle muscle tissue. Finally, the molecular mechanism of circUBE2Q2 regulating MuSCs function that affects skeletal muscle development was investigated. The results showed that circUBE2Q2 could serve as a sponge for miR-133a, significantly promoting differentiation and apoptosis of cultured MuSCs, and inhibiting proliferation of MuSCs.
CircUBE2Q2 is associated with muscle growth and development and induces MuSCs myogenic differentiation through sponging miR-133a. This study will provide new clues for the mechanisms by which mRNAs and non-coding RNAs regulate skeletal muscle growth and development, affecting muscle quality and diseases.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The sperm protein IZUMO1 plays a central role in gamete fusion. In mouse sperm, IZUMO1 is enriched at the acrosomal cap before the acrosome reaction, and at the equatorial segment following this ...reaction; its relocation is dependent on filamentous actin. How actin polymerization affects IZUMO1 relocation during gamete interaction remains unknown. The present study addressed these processes using latrunculin A (LatA), an inhibitor of actin polymerization. We report that 25 µM LatA blocked actin polymerization in the capacitated sperm head, resulting in a marked decrease in sperm with relocated IZUMO1 during the A23187‐induced acrosome reaction and cumulus layer penetration. Treated sperm also exhibited reduced zona pellucida penetration and fertilizing capacity. Interestingly, LatA‐treated sperm present in the perivitelline space of eggs did not show impaired IZUMO1 relocation. Thus, IZUMO1 relocation represents one method by which eggs may select for or rescue sperm that are competent to undergo gamete adhesion/fusion. These data support the hypothesis that dynamic movement of IZUMO1 is essential for gamete fusion during mouse fertilization.
The proliferation and myogenic differentiation of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are important factors affecting muscle development and beef quality. There is increasing evidence that circRNAs can ...regulate myogenesis. We found a novel circRNA, named circRRAS2 that is significantly upregulated in the differentiation phase of bovine MuSCs. Here, we aimed to determine its roles in the proliferation and myogenic differentiation of these cells. The results showed that circRRAS2 was expressed in several bovine tissues. CircRRAS2 inhibited MuSCs proliferation and promoted myoblast differentiation. In addition, chromatin isolation by using RNA purification and mass spectrometry in differentiated muscle cells identified 52 RNA-binding proteins that could potentially bind to circRRAS2, in order to regulate their differentiation. The results suggest that circRRAS2 could be a specific regulator of myogenesis in bovine muscle.
Highlights
CircRRAS2 expression is higher in DM cells than in GM cells.
CircRRAS2 could significantly inhibit the proliferation and apoptosis of bovine MuSCs.
CircRRAS2 promotes the differentiation of bovine MuSCs into myotubes.
CircRRAS2 may exert regulatory effects through multiple RNA binding proteins.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Load disturbances, the intermittent generation of wind power, and the uncertainty of sampling period will significantly affect the frequency stability of power system. This paper presents a ...sampled‐data‐based load frequency control (LFC) scheme for power systems with wind power (PSWPs), which aims to guarantee the stable operation of the systems under a sampling period as large as possible while retaining the desired robust performance. First, by considering the feature that power system plant operates in continuous‐time domain and LFC controller operates in discrete‐time domain, the closed‐loop PSWPs installed with a PI‐type LFC controller is modeled as sampled‐data control system with aperiodic samplings. Second, by utilizing an augmented two‐side looped Lyapunov functional and the linear matrix inequality (LMI), two sampling‐interval‐dependent stability criteria with less conservatism are derived for the studied systems, which guarantee that the presented LFC scheme operates in a large sampling period. Then, based on proposed stability condition, a sampled‐data‐based PI‐type LFC controller with the consideration of sampling period and performance index is obtained. Following this, an algorithm is given to obtain the gain of sampled‐data‐based PI‐type LFC controller and the admissible maximum sampling period while preserving the desired robust performance. Finally, case studies are carried out on the one‐area power system and three‐area PSWPs. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented LFC scheme, and robustness against load disturbances, wind power fluctuations and sampling period. It also shows that the designed LFC scheme can tolerate a larger sampling period while preserving the desired performance.
In this study, expression pattern-and function of growth arrest specific gene 6 (Gas6) during porcine oocyte maturation and early embryonic development were systemically investigated. The expression ...of Gas6 in the process of follicular development was studied by immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence, QRT-PCR and western blot. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that Gas6 was expressed in the oocytes, especially the nucleus, from the primary to preovulatory stages. The further immunofluorescence results showed that Gas6 was expressed thoughout the in vitro matured porcine oocytes, and the staining signal decreased in the first 12 h but then increased during the process of oocyte maturation. QRT-PCR analysis revealed that Gas6 mRNA was continuously expressed during the process of oocyte maturation, disappeared after parthenogenetic activation, re-appeared and elevated in the blastocysts stage. The following western blot analysis revealed a similar expression pattern with QRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. In conclusion, the expression pattern of Gas6 gene is closely related to oocytes maturation and embryo development. Gas6 may play a crucial role in the process of oocytes maturation and improve the development potential of early embryos by promoting the cytoplasmic maturation.
No female specimens have been recorded since its original description, and little is known about the morphological variation of the species. ...the type specimens are presumed to be lost (Mr. Qi-Ping ...Hu, personal communication, 2021). According to information provided by Mr. Qi-Ping Hu (Director of the Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, former Department of Biology, Guangxi Medical University, Personal Communication, 2021), all three type specimens are presumed lost. Neotype: HNU GKJ-2019007 (adult female), collected on 21 August 2019 by Ke-Ji Guo, Qi-Lin Pan, and Yan-Wu Lu in Daming Mountain National Nature Reserve (N23°30 '1 " and E108°26'19"), Wuming County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, at an altitude of 1 244 m a.s.l. Paraneotype: HNU GKJ-2019009 (sub-adult male), collected on 22 August 2019 by Ke-Ji Guo, Qi-Lin Pan, and Jian-Chun Li in Daming Mountain National Nature Reserve (N23°48'3" and E108°45 '32 "), Wuming County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, at an altitude of 1 280 m a.s.l. Diagnosis: Upper head scales strongly striated; supranasal absent; frontonasals 2, joined, longer than wide; prefrontals 2, joined or separated by small scale; interparietal single and small, without small transparent spot; parietals separated by interparietal, posterolateral border surrounded by 5-6 scales on each side; nuchal scales absent; supraciliaries 8, supraciliary row complete along length of lateral edge of supraoculars; loreals 2; presuboculars 1, upper anterior and lower posterior margin slightly convex, and terminal pointed; supralabials 8; infralabials 6-7; shallow groove on loreal-labial border, from posterior corner of nasal across subocular obliquely downward to end of sixth supralabial; midbody scales in 28-29 rows; paravertebral scales 45-50, not widened; ventral scales 50-53; midbody ventral scales 27-29; ventral scales of neck keeled; scale rows at tenth subcaudal 11-13; lamellae under fourth toe 17-18; scales of limbs keeled above and below; supralabials and infralabials black, each scale with white spot center; chin and throat grayish white with black marble; ventral of neck gray, each scale white in middle forming longitudinal white stripes; venter yellowish white; underside of tail white, subcaudals darkened on both sides, forming longitudinal white stripes. Snout acute, rounded anteriorly; projecting beyond lower jaws; nostril laterally oriented, oval, closer to snout-tip than to orbit; head distinct from neck and body, longer than wide; head shape slightly flattened; upper head scales strongly striated; rostral wider than high, visible from above; supranasal absent; frontonasals 2, joined, longer than wide; prefrontals 2, separated by small scale; frontal narrowing posteriorly, in contact with frontonasal, prefrontals, first and second supraoculars, and frontoparietals; frontoparietals joined, bordered by frontal, second, third, and fourth supraoculars, parietals, and interparietal; interparietal single, without small transparent spot; parietals separated by interparietal, posterolateral border surrounded by five scales on each side; nuchal scales absent; nasal single, nostrils in posterior center, located closer to anterior loreal; loreals 2, weakly straited; posterior loreal higher and broader than anterior loreal; anterior loreal undivided, posterior loreal in contact with anterior loreal, prefrontal, first supraciliary, preocular, upper presubocular, second and third supralabial; preoculars 1; presuboculars 1, upper anterior and lower posterior margin slightly convex, and terminal pointed, in contact with third and fourth supralabials; supraciliaries 8, first two obviously larger, supraciliary row complete along length of lateral edge of supraoculars; supraoculars 4, second widest; postocular single; temporals strongly keeled; primary
Factors influencing porcine oocyte activation were systematically studied. This study included (1) the effect of ionomycin plus various chemical agents on activation, (2) comparison of different ...electrical activation parameters, (3) optimization of combined activation, and (4) evaluation of the optimized protocols. The results showed that (1) blastocyst rates of ionomycin (Ion) + 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) (29.7 ± 1.1%), Ion + cytochalasin B (CB) + cycloheximide (CHX) (29.8 ± 1.2%), Ion + CB + 6-DMAP (30.4 ± 1.6%), and Ion + CB + CHX + 6-DMAP (30.2 ± 2.7%) were significantly higher than Ion + CHX (15.8 ± 1.5%, p < 0.05); (2) the parthenogenetic blastocyst formation of electrical activation was optimal when oocytes were activated by three direct current (DC) pulses of 1.00 kV cm⁻¹for 80 μs (39.5 ± 1.1%); (3) blastocyst rates of DC + CB + CHX (55.4 ± 1.2%) and DC + CB + 6-DMAP (50.4 ± 2.9%) were significantly higher than DC + 6-DMAP, DC + CB + CHX + 6-DMAP, electrical activation, and chemical activation alone (p < 0.05); and (4) approximately 84% of parthenogenetic blastocysts yielded by the optimized protocol were diploid, which was significantly higher than that of electrical activation blastocysts (40%). Using the optimized electrical and combined activation protocol, high blastocyst rates were generated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (34.6 ± 1.1%), cytoplasmic microinjection (CI) (52.3 ± 2.2%), and handmade cloning (HMC) (31.2 ± 1.0%), respectively. This study concludes that the optimal activation protocol of in vitro matured porcine oocytes was combined activation with parameter as three DC pulses of 1.00 kV cm⁻¹for 80 μs plus CB and CHX treatment.
In vitro maturation (IVM) methods for porcine oocytes are still deficient in achieving full developmental capacity, as the currently available oocyte in vitro culture systems still have limitations. ...In vitro embryo production must also improve the porcine oocyte IVM system to acquire oocytes with good developmental potential. Herein, we tested a three-dimensional (3D) glass scaffold culture system for porcine oocyte maturation. After 42 h, we matured porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) on either two-dimensional glass dishes (2D-B), two-dimensional microdrops (2D-W), or 3D glass scaffolds. The 3D glass scaffolds were tested for porcine oocyte maturation and embryonic development. Among these culture methods, the extended morphology of the 3D group maintained a 3D structure better than the 2D-B and 2D-W groups, which had flat COCs that grew close to the bottom of the culture vessel. The COCs of the 3D group had a higher cumulus expansion index and higher first polar body extrusion rate, cleavage rate, and blastocyst rate of parthenogenetic embryos than the 2D-B group. In the 3D group, the cumulus-expansion-related gene HAS2 and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05), while the pro-apoptotic gene Caspase3 was significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). The blastocysts of the 3D group had a higher relative expression of Bcl-2, Oct4, and Nanog than the other two groups (p < 0.05). The 3D group also had a more uniform distribution of mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondria (p < 0.05), and its cytoplasmic active oxygen species content was much lower than that in the 2D-B group (p < 0.05). These results show that 3D glass scaffolds dramatically increased porcine oocyte maturation and embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation, providing a suitable culture model for porcine oocytes.
To establish fibroblast cell lines from different tissues and to compare the biological characteristics of those cell lines, five fibroblast cell lines derived from Chinese swamp buffalo (Bubalus ...bubalis) were selected for comparative assays. Cell style and survival rate (before cryogenic preservation and after recovery) were tested, and karyotype, patterns of isoenzymes of lactic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, and cell cycle were analyzed. These cell lines had a healthy morphology with a typical spindle shape, and assessment of cell style showed these cells to be very pure fibroblasts. Cell growth curves showed a typical “S” shape. Results of microorganism contamination assays were negative, and isoenzyme analysis showed no cross-contamination. The number of chromosomes (2n) of swamp buffalo is 48. Between 28% and 46% of the cells were 2n, and cell apoptosis was not pronounced at 20th generation. Results showed that skin fibroblasts were more adaptable to tissue culture conditions than the ones from kidneys and ear margin, and they are more suitable for cellular manipulation in Chinese swamp buffalo.
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