Increasing evidence has supported the important role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in wound healing, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recently, we have isolated a unique ...population of MSCs from human gingiva (GMSCs) with similar stem cell‐like properties, immunosuppressive, and anti‐inflammatory functions as human bone marrow‐derived MSCs (BMSCs). We describe here the interplay between GMSCs and macrophages and the potential relevance in skin wound healing. When cocultured with GMSCs, macrophages acquired an anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype characterized by an increased expression of mannose receptor (MR; CD206) and secretory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐10 and IL‐6, a suppressed production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and decreased ability to induce Th‐17 cell expansion. In vivo, we demonstrated that systemically infused GMSCs could home to the wound site in a tight spatial interaction with host macrophages, promoted them toward M2 polarization, and significantly enhanced wound repair. Mechanistically, GMSC treatment mitigated local inflammation mediated by a suppressed infiltration of inflammatory cells and production of IL‐6 and TNF‐α, and an increased expression of IL‐10. The GMSC‐induced suppression of TNF‐α secretion by macrophages appears to correlate with impaired activation of NFκB p50. These findings provide first evidence that GMSCs are capable to elicit M2 polarization of macrophages, which might contribute to a marked acceleration of wound healing. STEM CELLS 2010;28:1856–1868
Inhibition, associated with self-efficacy, enables people to control thought and action and inhibit disturbing stimulus and impulsion and has certain evolutionary significance. This study analyzed ...the neural correlates of inhibition modulated by self-efficacy. Self-efficacy was assessed by using the survey adapted from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Fifty college students divided into low and high self-efficacy groups participated in the experiments. Their ability to conduct inhibitory control was studied through Go/No-Go tasks. During the tasks, we recorded students’ brain activity, focusing on N2 and P3 components in the event-related potential (ERP). Larger No-Go N2 amplitudes for the high self-efficacy group were found compared with the low self-efficacy group. Conflict detection as represented by N2 was modulated by self-efficacy, whereas conflict inhibition as represented by P3 was not modulated by self-efficacy. The highly self-efficacious students were more capable of detecting conflicts but not necessarily more capable of inhibiting action given that conflict was detected. Taken together, these findings offer neurophysiological evidence of the important regulatory role of self-efficacy in inhibitory control ability development.
The structure of a light quark star is studied within a new two-flavor Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model. By retaining the contribution from the vector term in the Fierz-transformed Lagrangian, a ...two-solar-mass pure quark star is achieved. To overcome the disadvantage of three-momentum truncation in the regularization procedure, we introduce the proper-time regularization. We also employ the newly proposed definition of vacuum pressure J. Phys. G 45, 105001 (2018), in which the quasi-Wigner vacuum (corresponding to the quasi-Wigner solution of the gap equation) is used as the reference ground state. The free parameters include only a mixing constant α which weighs the contribution from the Fierz-transformed Lagrangian. We constrain α to be around 0.9 by the observed mass of pulsars PSR J 0348 + 0432 and PSR J 1614 − 2230 . We find that the calculated surface energy density meets the requirement (> 2.80 × 1014 g / cm3) Phys. Rev. D 99, 043001 (2019). Besides, for a 1.4-solar-mass star, the deformability Λ is calculated, which is consistent with a recent analysis on the binary neutron star merger GW170817 with Λ in (0,630) for large component spins and 300+ 420−230 when restricting the magnitude of the component spins Phys. Rev. X 9, 011001 (2019), and satisfies the constraints 200 < Λ < 800 of early works.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors (TRAFs) are a family of structurally related proteins that transduces signals from members of TNFR superfamily and various other immune ...receptors. Major downstream signaling events mediated by the TRAF molecules include activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In addition, some TRAF family members, particularly TRAF2 and TRAF3, serve as negative regulators of specific signaling pathways, such as the noncanonical NF-κB and proinflammatory toll-like receptor pathways. Thus, TRAFs possess important and complex signaling functions in the immune system and play an important role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. This review will focus on the role of TRAF proteins in the regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
Using deep convolutional neural network (CNN), the nature of the QCD transition can be identified from the final-state pion spectra from hybrid model simulations of heavy-ion collisions that combines ...a viscous hydrodynamic model with a hadronic cascade “after-burner”. Two different types of equations of state (EoS) of the medium are used in the hydrodynamic evolution. The resulting spectra in transverse momentum and azimuthal angle are used as the input data to train the neural network to distinguish different EoS. Different scenarios for the input data are studied and compared in a systematic way. A clear hierarchy is observed in the prediction accuracy when using the event-by-event, cascade-coarse-grained and event-fine-averaged spectra as input for the network, which are about 80%, 90% and 99%, respectively. A comparison with the prediction performance by deep neural network (DNN) with only the normalized pion transverse momentum spectra is also made. High-level features of pion spectra captured by a carefully-trained neural network were found to be able to distinguish the nature of the QCD transition even in a simulation scenario which is close to the experiments.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)‐based piezoelectric ceramics are important functional materials for various electromechanical applications, including sensors, actuators, and transducers. High ...piezoelectric coefficient and mechanical quality factor are essential for the resonant piezoelectric application. However, since these properties are often inversely proportional, simultaneously high performances are hard to achieve, consequently, a wide range of applications are strongly restricted. In the present study, exceptionally well‐balanced performances are achieved in PZT‐based ceramics via innovative defect engineering, which involves multi‐scale coordination among defect dipole, domain‐wall density, and grain boundary. These materials are superior to many state‐of‐the‐art commercial counterparts, which can potentially satisfy high‐end requirements for advanced electromechanical applications, such as energy harvesting, structural health monitoring, robotic sensors, and actuator.
Exceptionally well‐balanced piezoelectric performances are achieved in (Pb0.92Sr0.08)(Zr0.533Ti0.443Nb0.024)O3‐xwt%Mn (abbreviated as PSZTN‐Mn) ferroelectric ceramics (d33 = 510–460 pC N−1, Qm = 614–750), which is superior to many state‐of‐the‐art commercial piezoelectric ceramics. The high performance is proposed to originate from multi‐sale coordination among defect dipoles, domain wall, and grain boundary.
The tandem cyclization of acrylamide with diselenides facilitated by electrochemical oxidation was successfully developed. This strategy provided an environmentally friendly method for the ...construction of C−Se bond. A series of seleno oxindoles with pharmacological activity were obtained by using this well‐designed tandem cyclization strategy. The in vitro antitumor activity of the compounds was also screened through MTT assay. Results showed that the seleno oxindoles exhibited better antitumor activity than other oxindole derivatives.
Summary
Eupatorium adenophorum is a malignant invasive plant possessing extraordinary defense potency, but its chemical weaponry and formation mechanism have not yet been extensively investigated.
We ...identified six cadinene sesquiterpenes, including two volatiles (amorpha‐4,7(11)‐diene and (–)‐amorph‐4‐en‐7‐ol) and four nonvolatiles (9‐oxo‐10,11‐dehydroageraphorone, muurol‐4‐en‐3,8‐dione, 9‐oxo‐ageraphorone and 9β‐hydroxy‐ageraphorone), as the major constitutive and inducible chemicals of E. adenophorum. All cadinenes showed potent antifeedant activity against a generalist insect Spodoptera exigua, indicating that they have significant defensive roles.
We cloned and functionally characterized a sesquiterpene synthase from E. adenophorum (EaTPS1), catalyzing the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to amorpha‐4,7(11)‐diene and (–)‐amorph‐4‐en‐7‐ol, which were purified from engineered Escherichia coli and identified by extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. EaTPS1 was highly expressed in the aboveground organs, which was congruent with the dominant distribution of cadinenes, suggesting that EaTPS1 is likely involved in cadinene biosynthesis. Mechanical wounding and methyl jasmonate negatively regulated EaTPS1 expression but caused the release of amorpha‐4,7(11)‐diene and (–)‐amorph‐4‐en‐7‐ol. Nicotiana benthamiana transiently expressing EaTPS1 also produced amorpha‐4,7(11)‐diene and (–)‐amorph‐4‐en‐7‐ol, and showed enhanced defense function.
The findings presented here uncover the role and formation of the chemical defense mechanism of E. adenophorum – which probably contributes to the invasive success of this plant – and provide a tool for manipulating the biosynthesis of biologically active cadinene natural products.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently garnered consideration as an attractive solid substrate because the highly tunable MOF framework can not only serve as an inert host but also enhance the ...selectivity, stability, and/or activity of the enzymes. Herein, we demonstrate the advantages of using a mechanochemical strategy to encapsulate enzymes into robust MOFs. A range of enzymes, namely β-glucosidase, invertase, β-galactosidase, and catalase, are encapsulated in ZIF-8, UiO-66-NH
, or Zn-MOF-74 via a ball milling process. The solid-state mechanochemical strategy is rapid and minimizes the use of organic solvents and strong acids during synthesis, allowing the encapsulation of enzymes into three prototypical robust MOFs while maintaining enzymatic biological activity. The activity of encapsulated enzyme is demonstrated and shows increased resistance to proteases, even under acidic conditions. This work represents a step toward the creation of a suite of biomolecule-in-MOF composites for application in a variety of industrial processes.
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Al-Li alloys are attractive for military and aerospace applications because their properties are superior to those of conventional Al alloys. Their exceptional properties are ...attributed to the addition of Li into the Al matrix, and the technical reasons for adding Li to the Al matrix are presented. The developmental history and applications of Al-Li alloys over the last few years are reviewed. The main issue of Al-Li alloys is anisotropic behavior, and the main reasons for the anisotropic tensile properties and practical methods to reduce it are also introduced. Additionally, the strengthening mechanisms and deformation behavior of Al-Li alloys are surveyed with reference to the composition, processing, and microstructure interactions. Additionally, the methods for improving the formability, strength, and fracture toughness of Al-Li alloys are investigated. These practical methods have significantly reduced the anisotropic tensile properties and improved the formability, strength, and fracture toughness of Al-Li alloys. However, additional endeavours are required to further enhance the crystallographic texture, control the anisotropic behavior, and improve the formability and damage tolerance of Al-Li alloys.
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