Modern and future colliders Shiltsev, V.; Zimmermann, F.
Reviews of modern physics,
03/2021, Letnik:
93, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Since the initial development of charged particle colliders in the middle of the 20th century, these advanced scientific instruments have been at the forefront of scientific discoveries in ...high-energy physics. Collider accelerator technology and beam physics have progressed immensely and modern facilities now operate at energies and luminosities many orders of magnitude greater than the pioneering colliders of the early 1960s. In addition, the field of colliders remains extremely dynamic and continues to develop many innovative approaches. Indeed, several novel concepts are currently being considered for designing and constructing even more powerful future colliders. The colliding-beam method and the history of colliders are first reviewed. Then, the major achievements of operational machines and the key features of near-term collider projects that are currently under development are presented. The review concludes with an analysis of numerous proposals and studies for distant-future colliders. The evaluation of their respective potentials reveals promising prospects for further significant breakthroughs in the collider field.
Abstract
The first electron lenses — understood as “lenses made of
electrons” rather than “lenses to focus electrons” — were
envisioned in the mid-1990s and built in the early 2000s for
compensation ...of beam-beam effects in the Tevatron proton-antiproton
collider. Since then, the lenses — a novel instrument for
high-energy particle accelerators — have been added to the toolbox
of modern beam facilities, being particularly useful for the energy
frontier superconducting hadron colliders (“supercolliders”). In
this article we briefly present the history of ideas and
developments toward effective use of low-energy high-current bright
electron beams in high energy accelerators and discuss the promise
of their future applications.
We discuss the technical feasibility, key machine parameters and major challenges of a 14 TeV c.m.e. muon-muon collider in the LHC tunnel. The luminosity of the collider is evaluated for three ...alternative muon sources—the PS synchrotron, one of a type developed by the US Muon Accelerator Program (MAP) and a low-emittance option based on resonant muon pair production. Project affordability is also discussed.
Accelerator-based facilities have enabled forefront research in high-energy physics for more than half a century. The accelerator technology of colliders has progressed immensely, while beam energy, ...luminosity, facility size, and cost have grown by several orders of magnitude. The method of colliding beams has not fully exhausted its potential but has slowed down considerably in its progress. In this paper we derive a simple scaling model for the cost of large accelerators and colliding beam facilities based on costs of 17 big facilities which have been either built or carefully estimated. Although this approach cannot replace an actual cost estimate based on an engineering design, this parameterization is to indicate a somewhat realistic cost range for consideration of what future frontier accelerator facilities might be fiscally realizable.
Abstract
Plasma wakefield acceleration (PWA) channels are
characterized by very high accelerating gradients and very strong
focusing fields. We propose to employ these properties for effective
...production of low emittance high energy muon beams, consider muon
beam dynamics in the PWFA cell and analyze various options and
potential of the PWA-based muon sources.
Many modern and future particle accelerators employ high gradient superconducting RF (SRF) to generate beams of high energy, high intensity and high brightness for research in high energy and nuclear ...physics, basic energy sciences, etc. In this paper we report the record performance large-scale SRF system with average beam accelerating gradient matching the International Linear Collider (ILC) specification of 31.5 MV m−1. Design of the eight cavity 1.3 GHz SRF cryomodule, its performance without the beam and results of the system commissioning with high intensity electron beam at Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility are presented. We also briefly discuss opportunities for further beam studies and tests at FAST including those on even higher gradient and more efficient SRF acceleration, as well as exploration of the system performance with full ILC-type beam specifications.
Abstract
Electromagnetic interaction of colliding beams along with
other nonlinear fields often limits the beams' lifetimes and
luminosities. Nonlinearities result in the spread of betatron
...frequencies (footprint) and, thus, may enhance dynamic diffusion of
particles due to high order resonances. One of the possible ways to
eliminate nonlinearities and overcome the corresponding difficulties
is compensation of nonlinear forces, but, in practice, it is hardly
possible to obtain exact linearity of the system. The compensation
with a single nonlinear lens cannot cope with distributed
nonlinearities, nonlinearities due to parasitic crossings, etc. In
the article, we present a method to compute parameters of nonlinear
element (lens) that eliminates both the footprint and resonance
strength without achieving full compensation.
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