Household dust is a reservoir of various consumer product chemicals. Thus, characterizing comprehensive chemical profiles of house dust may help improve our understanding of residential chemical ...exposure. We have previously developed a method for detecting a broad spectrum of chemicals in dust by applying a combination of target, suspect screening, and non‐target methods with mass spectrometry preceded by liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Building upon a previous study that detected 271 compounds in 38 dust samples, we presented concentrations of 144 compounds that were confirmed and quantified by standards in the same set of samples. Ten compounds were measured with median concentrations greater than 10 000 ng/g of dust: cis‐hexadec‐6‐enoic acid, squalene, cholesterol, vitamin E, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, dioctyl terephthalate, linoleic acid, tricaprylin, tris(1‐chloroisopropyl) phosphate, and oxybenzone. We also reviewed in vitro toxicity screening data to identify compounds that were not previously detected in indoor dust but have potential for adverse health effects. Among 119 newly detected compounds, 13 had endocrine‐disrupting potential and 7 had neurotoxic potential. Toxicity screening data were not available for eight biocides, which may adversely affect health. Our results strive to provide more comprehensive chemical profiles of house dust and identified information gaps for future health studies.
The determinants of the temporal variability of indoor dust concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) remain mostly unexplored. We examined temporal variability of dust concentrations ...and factors affecting dust concentrations for a wide range of SVOCs. We collected dust samples three times from 29 California homes during a period of 22 months and quantified concentrations of 47 SVOCs in 87 dust samples. We computed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using three samples collected within the same house. We calculated correlation coefficients (r) between two seasons with similar climate (spring and fall) and between two seasons with opposite climate (summer and winter). Among 26 compounds that were detected in more than 50% of the samples at all three visits, 20 compounds had ICCs above 0.50 and 6 compounds had ICCs below 0.50. For 19 out of 26 compounds, correlation coefficients between spring and fall (r = 0.48‐0.98) were higher than those between summer and winter (r = 0.09‐0.92), implying seasonal effects on dust concentrations. Our study showed that within‐home temporal variability of dust concentrations was small (ICC > 0.50) for most SVOCs, but dust concentrations may vary over time for some SVOCs with seasonal variations in source rates, such as product use.
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been linked to cancer in occupational mortality studies and animal toxicologic research.
We investigated the relationship between PFOA exposure and cancer among ...residents living near the DuPont Teflon-manufacturing plant in Parkersburg, West Virginia (WV).
Our analyses included incident cases of 18 cancers diagnosed from 1996 through 2005 in five Ohio (OH) counties and eight WV counties. For analyses of each cancer outcome, controls comprised all other cancers in the study data set except kidney, pancreatic, testicular, and liver cancers, which have been associated with PFOA in animal or human studies. We applied logistic regression models to individual-level data to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and confidence intervals (CIs). For the combined analysis of OH and WV data, the exposure of interest was resident water district. Within OH, geocoded addresses were integrated with a PFOA exposure model to examine the relationship between cancer odds and categories of estimated PFOA serum.
Our final data set included 7,869 OH cases and 17,238 WV cases. There was a positive association between kidney cancer and the very high and high serum exposure categories AOR = 2.0 (95% CI: 1.0, 3.9) n = 9 and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.3, 3.2) n = 22, respectively and a null association with the other exposure categories compared with the unexposed. The largest AOR was for testicular cancer with the very high exposure category 2.8 (95% CI: 0.8, 9.2) n = 6, but there was an inverse association with the lower exposure groups, and all estimates were imprecise because of small case numbers.
Our results suggest that higher PFOA serum levels may be associated with testicular, kidney, prostate, and ovarian cancers and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Strengths of this study include near-complete case ascertainment for state residents and well-characterized contrasts in predicted PFOA serum levels from six contaminated water supplies.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
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•We investigated prenatal exposure to PFAS in association with child ASD.•Prenatal PFOA and PFNA were associated with increased risk of ASD.•Observed effect modification of ...associations between PFAS and ASD by maternal age at delivery.•PFOA and PFOS were positively associated with longitudinal changes in MSEL Composite scores from 4 to 40 months.
Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been shown to affect offspring behaviors in laboratory animals. Several epidemiological studies investigated associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and child neurodevelopment, but results were inconclusive. We examined associations between cord blood concentrations of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and cognitive development in children from 4 to 40 months of age.
This study included 598 mother–child pairs who participated in the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort Study for Mothers and Children (HBC Study), a prospective birth cohort study in Japan. PFOA and PFOS were quantified in cord blood. The Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) was used to assess child cognitive function at 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 24, 32, and 40 months of age. For each of log 2-transformed PFOA and PFOS concentrations, we examined: 1) associations with the scores of MSEL Early Learning Composite (Composite) and four subscales (Fine Motor, Visual Reception, Receptive Language, Expressive Language) at each assessment time point; and 2) associations with longitudinal changes in the Composite and subscale scores.
MSEL Composite scores were inversely associated with PFOA at 18 months of age (per 2-fold increase in concentration: β = -2.23, 95% CI: -3.91, -0.56), but not at other ages. When accounting for changes in scores from 4 to 40 months of age, PFOA and PFOS were positively associated with Composite as well as Receptive and Expressive Language scores. Child’s sex modified associations between PFOA and Composite scores at 14, 18, and 40 months and those between PFOS and Composite scores at 14 months, showing negative associations among females.
In this study, cord blood PFOA and PFOS concentrations showed mixed associations with child cognitive functions at specific age but had positive associations with longitudinal changes in cognitive development from 4 to 40 months of age.
•We investigated prenatal exposure to PFAS in association with child ASD.•Prenatal PFOA and PFNA were associated with increased risk of ASD.•Observed effect modification of associations between PFAS ...and ASD by maternal age at delivery.
Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has shown potential to adversely affect child brain development, but epidemiologic evidence remains inconsistent. We examined whether prenatal exposure to PFAS was associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Participants were 173 mother–child pairs from MARBLES (Markers of Autism Risk in Babies – Learning Early Signs), a high-risk ASD cohort. At 3 years old, children were clinically confirmed for ASD and classified into ASD (n = 57) and typical development (TD, n = 116). We quantified nine PFAS in maternal serum collected during pregnancy. We examined associations of ASD with individual PFAS as well as the combined effect of PFAS on ASD using scores of the first principal component (PC-1) accounting for the largest variance.
Prenatal perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) showed positive associations (per 2-fold relative increase in concentration: relative risk (RR) = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.61 PFOA; RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.69 PFNA), while perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) showed a negative association (RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.77, 1.01) with ASD risk. When examining associations of ASD with untransformed PFAS concentrations, PFOA, PFNA, and PC-1 were associated with increased ASD risk (per nanogram per milliliter increase: RR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.65; RR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.85; RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.25, respectively), while the RR of PFHxS moved toward the null.
From this high-risk ASD cohort, we observed increased risk of ASD in children exposed to PFOA and PFNA. Further studies should be conducted in the general population because this population may have a larger fraction of cases resulting from genetic sources.
We present a risk-based high-throughput screening (HTS) method to identify chemicals for potential health concerns or for which additional information is needed. The method is applied to 180 organic ...chemicals as a case study. We first obtain information on how the chemical is used and identify relevant use scenarios (e.g., dermal application, indoor emissions). For each chemical and use scenario, exposure models are then used to calculate a chemical intake fraction, or a product intake fraction, accounting for chemical properties and the exposed population. We then combine these intake fractions with use scenario-specific estimates of chemical quantity to calculate daily intake rates (iR; mg/kg/day). These intake rates are compared to oral equivalent doses (OED; mg/kg/day), calculated from a suite of ToxCast in vitro bioactivity assays using in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation and reverse dosimetry. Bioactivity quotients (BQs) are calculated as iR/OED to obtain estimates of potential impact associated with each relevant use scenario. Of the 180 chemicals considered, 38 had maximum iRs exceeding minimum OEDs (i.e., BQs > 1). For most of these compounds, exposures are associated with direct intake, food/oral contact, or dermal exposure. The method provides high-throughput estimates of exposure and important input for decision makers to identify chemicals of concern for further evaluation with additional information or more refined models.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have neurobehavioral toxicity in experimental studies. Evidence on associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and child's cognitive development is ...inconsistent partly due to differences in assessment time points and tools. We examined associations of prenatal maternal serum PFAS concentrations with child's cognitive development assessed at multiple time points in infancy and toddlerhood.
We included 140 mother-child pairs from MARBLES (Markers of Autism Risk in Babies – Learning Early Signs), a longitudinal cohort of children with a first degree relative who was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder followed from birth. Study children's cognitive development was assessed at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of age using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) which provides an overall Early Learning Composite (normative mean of 100 and SD of 15) and four subscales (i.e., fine motor, visual reception, receptive language, and expressive language abilities; normative mean of 50 and SD of 10). Nine PFAS were quantified in maternal serum collected during pregnancy. We examined associations of log 2-transformed prenatal maternal serum PFAS concentrations with the MSEL Composite and each of the subscale scores at each time point as well as longitudinal changes in the scores over the four time points. We also classified trajectories into low- and high-score groups and fit Poisson regression models to estimate associations expressed as relative risks (RR).
Among six PFAS detected in more than 60% of the samples, prenatal maternal serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was inversely associated with child's Composite score at 24 months (β = −5.22, 95% CI: −8.27, −2.17) and 36 months of age (β = −5.18, 95% CI: −9.46, −0.91), while other five PFAS were not strongly associated with Composite score at any time points. When assessing longitudinal changes in the scores over the four time points, PFOA was associated with trajectories having a negative slope for Composite scores and all four subscales. When examining trajectories of the scores between low- and high-score groups, PFOA was associated with having lower and/or decreasing Composite scores (RR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.03).
Prenatal PFOA appears to adversely affect child's cognitive development in toddlerhood in this study population. Because a large fraction of MARBLES children is at risk for atypical development, population-based studies are needed to confirm our findings.
•We investigated prenatal exposure to PFAS in association with cognitive development.•Prenatal PFOA was inversely associated with MSEL scores at 24 and 36 months of age.•Longitudinally, PFOA was inversely associated with MSEL scores from 6 to 36 months.•In trajectory analysis, PFOA and PFNA were associated with risk of cognitive deficit.
Phthalates with potential adverse health effects are being replaced by other phthalates or phthalate alternatives. Little is known about temporal trends of phthalate exposure in pregnant women in the ...United States. We quantified 16 metabolites of eight phthalates and di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) in 656 urine samples collected from 192 California pregnant women in 2007-2013 during their second and third trimesters of pregnancy who participated in the MARBLES (Markers of Autism Risk in Babies-Learning Early Signs) study. We used multiple regression to estimate least squares geometric means of phthalate biomarker concentrations and annual percent changes over the study period. Biomarker concentrations of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and three phthalates with known toxicity and adverse health effects (i.e., butyl benzyl phthalate BBzP, dibutyl phthalate DBP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP) decreased, while those of di-isobutyl phthalate DiBP, di-isononyl phthalate DiNP, and di-
-octyl phthalate DOP increased in California pregnant women during our study period. To understand broad social forces that may influence temporal trends and geographic variations in phthalate exposure across countries, we compared our phthalate biomarker concentrations with those of other populations. We observed over a factor of 2 differences in exposure across countries for some phthalate biomarkers and between pregnant and nonpregnant women for DEP.
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA or C8) has hepatotoxic effects in animals. Cross-sectional epidemiologic studies suggest PFOA is associated with liver injury biomarkers.
We estimated associations ...between modeled historical PFOA exposures and liver injury biomarkers and medically validated liver disease.
Participants completed surveys during 2008-2011 reporting demographic, medical, and residential history information. Self-reported liver disease, including hepatitis, fatty liver, enlarged liver and cirrhosis, was validated with healthcare providers. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and direct bilirubin, markers of liver toxicity, were obtained from blood samples collected in the C8 Health Project (2005-2006). Historically modeled PFOA exposure, estimated using environmental fate and transport models and participant residential histories, was analyzed in relation to liver biomarkers (n = 30,723, including 1,892 workers) and liver disease (n = 32,254, including 3,713 workers).
Modeled cumulative serum PFOA was positively associated with ALT levels (p for trend < 0.0001), indicating possible liver toxicity. An increase from the first to the fifth quintile of cumulative PFOA exposure was associated with a 6% increase in ALT levels (95% CI: 4, 8%) and a 16% increased odds of having above-normal ALT (95% CI: odds ratio: 1.02, 1.33%). There was no indication of association with either elevated direct bilirubin or GGT; however, PFOA was associated with decreased direct bilirubin. We observed no evidence of an effect of cumulative exposure (with or without a 10-year lag) on all liver disease (n = 647 cases), nor on enlarged liver, fatty liver, and cirrhosis only (n = 427 cases).
Results are consistent with previous cross-sectional studies showing association between PFOA and ALT, a marker of hepatocellular damage. We did not observe evidence that PFOA increases the risk of clinically diagnosed liver disease.
Darrow LA, Groth AC, Winquist A, Shin HM, Bartell SM, Steenland K. 2016. Modeled perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure and liver function in a Mid-Ohio Valley community. Environ Health Perspect 124:1227-1233; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510391.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Because phthalates are quickly metabolized and excreted in urine, and human exposures tend to be episodic, phthalate metabolite concentrations measured in a maternal spot urine sample are only ...indicative of recent exposure.
To examine temporal variability of pregnant women's phthalate exposure using multiple first morning voids (FMV) and pooled samples.
We quantified 14 metabolites of eight phthalates in 577 urine samples collected from 188 pregnancies in the MARBLES (Markers of Autism Risk in Babies – Learning Early Signs) study. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using two samples of the same urine type (i.e., two FMVs or two pools) collected across the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. We also calculated ICCs and FMV/pool concentration ratios using two samples (i.e., two FMVs or one FMV and one pool) collected within the same trimester.
Overall, ICCs were higher in pooled samples (0.24–0.87) than in FMVs (0.08–0.69). Regardless of the sample type, ICCs tended to be higher for metabolites for which exposure sources are personal care products or indoor residential materials than those for which diet is an important exposure source. ICCs tended to increase and FMV/pool ratios tended to decrease with an increasing number of composite samples in the pools.
Our study helped determine the number of samples needed to capture moderate to high reproducibility of individual's average exposure to phthalates and the average exposure can be differently characterized depending on the number of samples in the pools.
•ICCs were higher in pooled samples than in FMVs.•FMV/pool ratios tended to decrease with an increasing number of composites.•Pooling can improve characterization of individual's true exposure.
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