Emergence of Candida auris in Russia Barantsevich, N.E.; Orlova, O.E.; Shlyakhto, E.V. ...
The Journal of hospital infection,
08/2019, Letnik:
102, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper reports the emergence of Candida auris infections in an intensive care unit at a hospital in Moscow. Forty-nine cases were diagnosed in 2016–2017, and the risk factors and antifungal ...susceptibilities are described. The 30-day all-cause mortality for 19 bloodstream infections in patients who did not receive appropriate antifungal therapy was 42.1%. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and D1–D2 regions and K143R substitution in the ERG11 gene indicated that the studied C. auris strains were of South Asian origin. This first reported series of C. auris infections in Russia demonstrates the rapid dissemination of this species, and the need for international surveillance and control measures.
The (3Ti-Al-2C)/Ti layered composites are synthesized by the method of reaction sintering. A two-temperature sintering mode, 600°C × 3 hrs + 1250°C × 2 hrs, is selected, and the structure and the ...phase composition of the sintered composites are studied. According to the XRD analysis, the transition layer of the composite contains a Ti
3
AlC
2
MAX-phase.
Four methods such as thermal explosion, reactive sintering, reactive pressing, and explosive welding + sintering are considered for the obtaining of the Ti-TiAl3 metal-intermetallic laminate ...composite. The microstructure and phase composition of the samples are studied by the X-ray diffraction, local X-ray spectrum and optical microscopy methods. The study shows that multi-laminate composites can be obtained by all four methods.
Numerous studies have proven a close relationship between inflammatory diseases and the state of hypercoagulability. In fact, thromboembolic complications represent one of the main causes of ...disability and mortality in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer and obstetric complications. Despite this, the processes of hemostasis and immune responses have long been considered separately; currently, work is underway to identify the molecular basis for a relationship between such systems. It has been identified that various pro-inflammatory stimuli are capable of triggering a coagulation cascade, which in turn modulates inflammatory responses. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are the networks of histones of extracellular DNA generated by neutrophils in response to inflammatory stimuli. The hemostasis is activated against infection in order to minimize the spread of infection and, if possible, inactivate the infectious agent. Another molecular network is based on fibrin. Over the last 10 years, there has been accumulated a whole body of evidence that NETs and fibrin are able to form a united network within a thrombus, stabilizing each other. Similarities and molecular cross-reactions are also present in the processes of fibrinolysis and lysis of NETs. Both NETs and von Willebrand factor (vWF) are involved in thrombosis as well as inflammation. During the development of these conditions, a series of events occurs in the microvascular network, including endothelial activation, NETs formation, vWF secretion, adhesion, aggregation, and activation of blood cells. The activity of vWF multimers is regulated by the specific metalloproteinase ADAMTS-13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13). Studies have shown that interactions between NETs and vWF can lead to arterial and venous thrombosis and inflammation. In addition, the contents released from activated neutrophils or NETs result in decreased ADAMTS-13 activity, which can occur in both thrombotic microangiopathies and acute ischemic stroke. Recently, NETs have been envisioned as a cause of endothelial damage and immunothrombosis in COVID-19. In addition, vWF and ADAMTS-13 levels predict COVID-19 mortality. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics and interactions of NETs, vWF, and ADAMTS-13, the effect of NETs on hemostasis regulation and discuss their role in thrombotic conditions, sepsis, COVID-19, and obstetric complications.
IgM and IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus are detected in subjects who have recovered from COVID-19; IgM antibodies persist in a 1/3 of infected subjects up to 12 months from the moment of the ...disease, while IgG antibodies are present in the vast majority of cases (97%; medium and high levels antibodies were registered in 85% of cases). By the 12th month, 40% of those who recovered still have a very high level of IgG antibodies to the S-protein (>500 BAU/ml). In the feces, urine, and blood serum of patients with long-term persistent IgM antibodies, no coronavirus antigens were detected. After vaccination with the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine, IgG antibodies to the S-protein are detected in 100% of cases and remain at a high level for 4 months, by the 5-6th month, the level of antibodies decreases. During revaccination, the level of IgG antibodies to S-protein reaches high values earlier than during primary vaccination, and remains high for 4 months (observation period). The blood sera of recovered and vaccinated patients have a high virus-neutralizing activity (at least 1:80), while its level is somewhat higher in recovered patients.
Currently, the number of judicial proceedings on real and alleged offenses and disputes in area of provision of medical care has been exponentially increased. Some of such proceedings become publicly ...disclosed, but many more of them remain unnoted in mass media and civilian society as a whole. Increasing number of medical doctors has been accused of criminal offenses, being more often sentenced to real terms of imprisonment, showing a clear tendency to increase gravity of responsibility applied to medical doctors. This publication represents a peer-reviewed response of paramount importance to the book by A.A. Ponkina and I.V. Ponkin «Defects in the provision of medical care» raising ontological, value and technical issues for negative outcome of medical care – by the fault or in the absence of the fault of the doctor. The book puts the scientific basis beneath changes so much awaited by the Russian public health in relation to medical doctors, their social importance, objective limitlessness of their opportunities and capabilities in curing sick people and saving their lives.
Introduction.
One of the commonly used methods for assessing the dynamic characteristics of a material is the Taylor test, which establishes the relationship between the dynamic yield strength of a ...cylindrical sample material and its length after hitting a non-deformable barrier. The purpose of this work was to study the microhardness and determine the dynamic yield strength of copper samples for various impact velocities in the Taylor test.
Materials and Methods.
Experiments were carried out with cylindrical copper (M1) samples. The throwing conditions were selected on the ballistic stand, which provided the speed of the sample in the range of 150–450 m/s at the exit from the barrel. After the impact, the microhardness of the samples in the section plane was measured. The calculation of the dynamic yield strength was carried out according to the classical Taylor formula.
Results.
Experimental data are presented for cylindrical copper samples upon impact on a rigid wall with velocities in the range of 162–416 m/s, including configurations and sizes of images before and after impact. Microhardness distributions in the axial section of the samples were obtained. For each sample, the dependences of the averaged values of microhardness were constructed, which made it possible to identify four areas of deformation of the samples (the area of elastic deformations, plastic deformations, intense plastic deformations, the area of the material undergoing destruction) and determine their sizes. The dynamic yield strength of copper in the studied range of impact velocities was calculated.
Discussion and Conclusions.
The values of microhardness in the entire considered region and for all studied impact velocities exceeded the initial value. There was a significant increase in the value of the dynamic yield strength compared to its static value. The correlation of the maximum averaged values of microhardness and dynamic yield strength, which grew with increasing impact velocity, was identified.
The rate of thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has been increasing in COVID-19 patients. Key features related to such condition include minimal or no risk of bleeding, ...moderate thrombocytopenia, high plasma fibrinogen as well as complement components level in the areas of thrombotic microangiopathy. The clinical picture is not typical for classic DIC. This review systematizes the pathogenetic mechanisms of hypercoagulation in sepsis and its extreme forms in patients with COVID-19. The latter consist of the thrombosis-related immune mechanisms, the complement activation, the macrophage activation syndrome, the formation of antiphospholipid antibodies, the hyperferritinemia, and the dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Taking into consideration the pathogenetic mechanisms, the biomarkers had been identified related to the prognosis of the disease development. Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease and other risk factors, including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and aging pose the peak risk of dying from COVID-19. We also summarize new data on platelet and endothelial dysfunction, immunothrombosis, and, as a result, thrombotic storm as essential components of COVID-19 severe features.
Platelets, thrombo-inflammation and cancer Slukhanchuk, E. V.; Bitsadze, V. O.; Khizroeva, J. Kh ...
Akušerstvo, ginekologiâ i reprodukciâ,
01/2022, Letnik:
15, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
It has long been recognized a crucial role played by platelets in thrombosis and hemostasis. Along with that, laboratory and clinical data suggest that platelets contribute to tumor progression and ...metastasis through a variety of interactions with cancer cells. During oncological process, the platelet function becomes modulated via their activation and increased aggregation being one of the risk factors for developing thrombosis in cancer patients. The platelets per se enhance tumor cell dissemination, activate endothelial cells, and attract immune cells to the primary and metastatic tumor sites. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the complex interactions between platelets and tumor cells, as well as cells of the microenvironment, and discuss the development of new antitumor agents aimed at various arms in platelet functioning.
Macrophage activation syndrome in COVID-19 Grigorieva, K. N.; Bitsadze, V. O.; Khizroeva, J. Kh ...
Akušerstvo, ginekologiâ i reprodukciâ,
07/2021, Letnik:
15, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The novel coronavirus epidemic is characterized by high rates of morbidity and relatively high mortality. Laboratory test results in patients include leukopenia, an increase in liver function tests ...and ferritin levels reaching hundreds, and sometimes thousands of units. These data remind us about the macrophage activation syndrome (MAC). Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome, MAC, which pathogenesis is based on a defect in the mechanisms of T-cell cytotoxicity and decreased level of natural killer cells associated with the defect in the perforin-encoding gene as well as hyperproduction of a number of cytokines – interleukin (IL)-1â, tumor necrosis factor-á, etc. by T-lymphocytes and histiocytes, indirectly leading to the activation of macrophages and production of proinflammatory cytokines, in particular IL-6 hyperproduction. MAC is one of "hyperferritinemic syndromes". These disorders have similar clinical and laboratory manifestations, and they also respond to similar treatments, suggesting that hyperferritinemia may be involved in the overall pathogenesis and is characterized by elevated ferritin level and cytokine storm. Despite the fact that data on the immune and inflammatory status in patients with COVID-19 have only started to appear, it is already clear that hyperinflammation and coagulopathy affect the disease severity and increase the risk of death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Hence, understanding the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection can help in its early diagnostics and treatment.
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