After three decades of developments, single particle tracking (SPT) has become a powerful tool to interrogate dynamics in a range of materials including live cells and novel catalytic supports ...because of its ability to reveal dynamics in the structure–function relationships underlying the heterogeneous nature of such systems. In this review, we summarize the algorithms behind, and practical applications of, SPT. We first cover the theoretical background including particle identification, localization, and trajectory reconstruction. General instrumentation and recent developments to achieve two- and three-dimensional subdiffraction localization and SPT are discussed. We then highlight some applications of SPT to study various biological and synthetic materials systems. Finally, we provide our perspective regarding several directions for future advancements in the theory and application of SPT.
Objective
To evaluate the relation between the expression of PD‐1, PD‐L1, CD3, CD8, Foxp3 and clinicopathological features in patients with oral leukoplakia (OLK) and oral squamous cell carcinomas ...(OSCC) as well as the malignant outcome in OLK patients, and to study the effect of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 on immune microenvironment in the progression of oral carcinogenesis.
Methods
We evaluated the expression of PD‐1/PD‐L1 and composition of CD3+, CD8+and Foxp3+ T lymphocytes in OLK and OSCC samples by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and analyzed their relation with clinical information and malignant transformation in OLK patients.
Results
IHC staining demonstrated that the expression of PD‐1 was significantly increased in the high‐grade OLK group than in the low‐grade OLK group, while PD‐L1 was detected mainly in OSCC. The expression of CD3, CD8, and Foxp3 was found higher in the high‐grade OLK group than in the low‐grade OLK group, and the Foxp3+ cells were found more in the OSCC group than in the high‐grade OLK group. PD‐1 was significantly correlated with CD3 (p < 0.05, R = 0.52), CD8 (p < 0.05, R = 0.46), and Foxp3 (p < 0.05, R = 0.46), and the low PD‐1‐expression group showed a better malignant‐free survival than high PD‐1 expression group in the OLK (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
The PD‐1/PD‐L1 may induce immune suppression in OLK and accelerate the progress of malignant transformation.
This paper proposes a new measure for recommendation through integrating Triangle and Jaccard similarities. The Triangle similarity considers both the length and the angle of rating vectors between ...them, while the Jaccard similarity considers non co-rating users. We compare the new similarity measure with eight state-of-the-art ones on four popular datasets under the leave-one-out scenario. Results show that the new measure outperforms all the counterparts in terms of the mean absolute error and the root mean square error.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The majority of men with defects in spermatogenesis remain undiagnosed. Acephalic spermatozoa is one of the diseases causing primary infertility. However, the causes underlying over half of affected ...cases remain unclear. Here, we report by whole‐exome sequencing the identification of homozygous and compound heterozygous truncating mutations in PMFBP1 of two unrelated individuals with acephalic spermatozoa. PMFBP1 was highly and specifically expressed in human and mouse testis. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining in sperm from a normal control showed that PMFBP1 localizes to the head‐flagella junction region, and the absence of PMFBP1 was confirmed in patients harboring PMFBP1 mutations. In addition, we generated Pmfbp1 knock‐out (KO) mice, which we found recapitulate the acephalic sperm phenotype. Label‐free quantitative proteomic analysis of testicular sperm from Pmfbp1 KO and control mice showed 124 and 35 proteins, respectively, increased or decreased in sperm from KO mice compared to that found in control mice. Gene ontology analysis indicates that the biological process of Golgi vesicle transport was the most highly enriched in differentially expressed proteins, indicating process defects related to Golgi complex function may disturb formation of the head‐neck junction. Collectively, our data indicate that PMFBP1 is necessary for sperm morphology in both humans and mice, and that biallelic truncating mutations in PMFBP1 cause acephalic spermatozoa.
Candida albicans biofilm infections are usually treated with azole antifungals such as fluconazole. However, the development of resistance to this drug in C. albicans biofilms is very common, ...especially in immunocompromised individuals. The upregulation of the sterol biosynthetic pathway gene ERG and the efflux pump genes CDR and MDR may contribute to this azole tolerance in Candida species. We hypothesize that farnesol, an endogenous quorum sensing molecule with possible antimicrobial properties which is also the precursor of ergosterols in C. albicans, may interfere with the development of fluconazole resistance in C. albicans biofilms. To test this hypothesis, MICs were compared and morphology changes were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for farnesol-treated and -untreated and fluconazole-resistant groups. The expression of possible target genes (ERG11, ERG25, ERG6, ERG5, ERG3, ERG1, MDR1, CDR1, and CDR2) in biofilms was analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of farnesol. The results showed a decreased MIC of fluconazole and thinner biofilms for the farnesol-treated group, indicating that farnesol inhibited the development of fluconazole resistance. The sterol biosynthetic pathway may contribute to the inhibitory effects of farnesol, as the transcription levels of the ERG11, ERG25, ERG6, ERG3, and ERG1 genes decreased in the farnesol-treated group.
The human endometrium plays a vital role in providing the site for embryo implantation and maintaining the normal development and survival of the embryo. Recent studies have shown that stress is a ...common factor for the development of unexplained reproductive disorders. The nonreceptive endometrium and disturbed early maternal-fetal interaction might lead to infertility including the repeated embryo implantation failure and recurrent spontaneous abortion, or late pregnancy complications, thereby affecting the quality of life as well as the psychological status of the affected individuals. Additionally, psychological stress might also adversely affect female reproductive health. In recent years, several basic and clinical studies have tried to investigate the harm caused by psychological stress to reproductive health, however, the mechanism is still unclear. Here, we review the relationship between psychological stress and endometrial dysfunction, and its consequent effects on female infertility to provide new insights for clinical therapeutic interventions in the future.
The response of living systems to nanoparticles is thought to depend on the protein corona, which forms shortly after exposure to physiological fluids and which is linked to a wide array of ...pathophysiologies. A mechanistic understanding of the dynamic interaction between proteins and nanoparticles and thus the biological fate of nanoparticles and associated proteins is, however, often missing mainly due to the inadequacies in current ensemble experimental approaches. Through the application of a variety of single molecule and single particle spectroscopic techniques in combination with ensemble level characterization tools, we identified different interaction pathways between gold nanorods and bovine serum albumin depending on the protein concentration. Overall, we found that local changes in protein concentration influence everything from cancer cell uptake to nanoparticle stability and even protein secondary structure. We envision that our findings and methods will lead to strategies to control the associated pathophysiology of nanoparticle exposure in vivo.
Hemoglobin (Hb)-imprinted poly(ionic liquid)s (HIPILs) were prepared on the surface of Au electrode modified with gold nanodendrites (Au/ND/HIPILs). HIPILs were synthesized with 1-vinyl-3-propyl ...imidazole sulfonate ionic liquids as functional monomers via electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) catalyzed by Hb. The Au/ND/HIPILs electrode was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Au/ND/HIPILs electrode was also used as an electrochemical sensor to determine Hb by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under the optimal conditions, the detection range of Hb was from 1.0 × 10
−14
to 1.0 × 10
−4
mg/mL with a limit of detection of 5.22 × 10
−15
mg/mL (
S
/
N
= 3). Compared with other methods, the sensor based on poly(ionic liquid)s had the broader linear range and lower detection limit.
Graphical Abstract
The proper development of uterus to a state of receptivity and the attainment of implantation competency for blastocyst are 2 indispensable aspects for implantation, which is considered to be a ...critical event for successful pregnancy. Like many developmental processes, a large number of transcription factors, such as homeobox genes, have been shown to orchestrate this complicated but highly organized physiological process during implantation. In this review, we focus on progress in studies of the role of homeobox genes, especially the Hox and Msx gene families, during implantation, together with subsequent development of post‐implantation uterus and related reproductive defects in both mouse models and humans, that have led to better understanding of how implantation is precisely regulated and provide new insights into infertility.
A Gram-stain-negative, oval or short rod-shaped, non-motile, aerobic bacterium, designated strain S1109L
T
, was isolated from a marine sediment in Weihai, PR China. Cells were oxidase positive and ...catalase positive. Growth of strain S1109L
T
occurred at 10–40 °C (optimum, 30–33 °C), pH 6.5–10.0 (optimum, 7.0–8.0) and in the presence of 1–21% (optimum, 4–6%) (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny indicated that strain S1109L
T
was associated with the genus
Pontibaca
of the family
Rhodobacteraceae
because it showed the highest sequence similarity to
Pontibaca methylaminivorans
KCTC 22497
T
(97.5%). The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and the digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) scores between strain S1109L
T
and
Pontibaca methylaminivorans
KCTC 22497
T
were 74.6% and 18.7%. The major cellular fatty acids of strain S1109L
T
were C
19:0
cyclo ω8c and C
18:1
ω7c. The polar lipids profiles of strain S1109L
T
were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. Strain S1109L
T
contained ubiquinone-10 as the major respiratory quinone. The genomic DNA G + C content was 55.9 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain S1109L
T
is considered to represent a novel species of the genus
Pontibaca
, for which the name
Pontibaca salina
sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of is S1109L
T
(= KCTC 82411
T
= MCCC 1H00441
T
).
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