Introduction: Dorsal onlay urethroplasty with Buccal Mucosal Graft (BMG) is the single stage procedure and is most commonly used to treat long segment anterior urethral strictures. Unilateral ...mobilisation of the urethra prevents both chordee and ischaemia. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility, medium-term and long-term outcomes of dorsal onlay BMGs when used to treat long anterior segment penile urethral stricture with unilateral mobilisation of the urethra. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, Karnataka, India, from January 2008-December 2018. A total of 56 patients with long anterior segment penile urethral strictures underwent BMG substitution for urethroplasty, with a follow-up period ranging from 1.2-10 years. The outcome of the procedure was assessed through clinical history and physical examination, uroflowmetry, retrograde and voiding cystourethrography and urethroscopy {6 French gauge (Fr)}. Statistical analysis was performed using the mean and median. Results: The mean age of 56 patients was 51.8±9.9 years, with a mean±Standard Deviation (SD) Maximum Flow Rate (MFR) of 20.1±5.3 mL at one month and 18.1±4.3 mL at three and 18.7±3.7 mL six months, 17.3±5.1 mL, 19.3±4.3 mL and 18.6±3.7 mL at one year, 2-5 years and 10 years postoperative respectively. Postvoid Residual urine (PVR) volume was higher till one year follow-up (i.e., 1st month it was 38.6±23.6 mL in 47 patients, 3rd month it was 45.8±22.4 mL in 12 patients, 6th month it was 49.0±28.8 mL in 14 patients and one year follow-up it was 43.9±30.8 mL in 24 patients). Minimal complications were noted over 5-10 years follow-up. Conclusion: For long segment anterior penile urethral strictures, unilateral mobilisation in BMG urethroplasty had shown success over both medium and long-term periods.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a lot of disruptions for delivery of health care services like routine immunization. Delayed immunization can lead to outbreak of many vaccine preventable diseases. ...The current pandemic created confusions and fear among mothers to vaccinate their children. This study was an initiative to understand the struggles faced by them during the pandemic.
To estimate the prevalence of hesitancy for routine immunization among urban mothers during COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the factors responsible for their hesitancy.
It was a community based cross-sectional study which was done for three months, data were collected from 246 mothers (sample size calculated by assuming 20% as prevalence based on pilot study) having children whose age was less than 6 years by administering a pre-tested semi structured questionnaire.
It was found that 38% of mothers were having vaccine hesitancy during the pandemic mainly due to the factors like fear of exposure to COVID-19 and due to lockdown.Out of 6 variables 5 variables(except religion) was found to be statistically significant.On the multivariate analysis only prior to pandemic hesitancy retained statistical significance.
From our study we infer that the pandemic has increased hesitancy among mothers, hampering routine immunization. Thus, this domain deserves more consideration by health care officials and policy makers, to prevent disruption of the immunization programme.
•Multi-centric hospital-based study was conducted across 11 cities in India.•Both Covishield and Covaxin confer high protection against severe COVID-19.•Both vaccines provide high protection against ...severe disease by the Delta strain.•Expansion of the two-dose vaccination coverage is key to reducing hospitalizations.
India introduced BBV152/Covaxin and AZD1222/Covishield vaccines in January 2021. We estimated the effectiveness of these vaccines against severe COVID-19 among individuals aged ≥45 years.
We did a multi-centric, hospital-based, case-control study between May and July 2021. Cases were severe COVID-19 patients, and controls were COVID-19 negative individuals from 11 hospitals. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated for complete (2 doses ≥ 14 days) and partial (1 dose ≥ 21 days) vaccination; interval between two vaccine doses and vaccination against the Delta variant. We used the random effects logistic regression model to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjusting for relevant known confounders.
We enrolled 1143 cases and 2541 control patients. The VE of complete vaccination was 85% (95% CI: 79-89%) with AZD1222/Covishield and 71% (95% CI: 57-81%) with BBV152/Covaxin. The VE was highest for 6-8 weeks between two doses of AZD1222/Covishield (94%, 95% CI: 86-97%) and BBV152/Covaxin (93%, 95% CI: 34-99%). The VE estimates were similar against the Delta strain and sub-lineages.
BBV152/Covaxin and AZD1222/Covishield were effective against severe COVID-19 among the Indian population during the period of dominance of the highly transmissible Delta variant in the second wave of the pandemic. An escalation of two-dose coverage with COVID-19 vaccines is critical to reduce severe COVID-19 and further mitigate the pandemic in the country.
Abstract
Due to waning immunity following primary immunization with COVID-19 vaccines, booster doses may be required. The present study assessed a heterologous booster of SII-NVX-CoV2373 (spike ...protein vaccine) in adults primed with viral vector and inactivated vaccines. In this Phase 3, observer-blind, randomized, active controlled study, a total of 372 adults primed with two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n = 186) or BBV152 (n = 186) at least six months ago, were randomized to receive a booster of SII-NVX-CoV2373 or control vaccine (homologous booster of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BBV152). Anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were assessed at days 1, 29, and 181. Non-inferiority (NI) of SII-NVX-CoV2373 to the control vaccine was assessed based on the ratio of geometric mean ELISA units (GMEU) of anti-S IgG and geometric mean titers (GMT) of nAbs (NI margin > 0.67) as well as seroresponse (≥ 2 fold-rise in titers) (NI margin −10%) at day 29. Safety was assessed throughout the study period. In both the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime and BBV152 prime cohorts, 186 participants each received the study vaccines. In the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime cohort, the GMEU ratio was 2.05 (95% CI 1.73, 2.43) and the GMT ratio was 1.89 (95% CI 1.55, 2.32) whereas the difference in the proportion of seroresponse was 49.32% (95% CI 36.49, 60.45) for anti-S IgG and 15% (95% CI 5.65, 25.05) for nAbs on day 29. In the BBV152 prime cohort, the GMEU ratio was 5.12 (95% CI 4.20, 6.24) and the GMT ratio was 4.80 (95% CI 3.76, 6.12) whereas the difference in the proportion of seroresponse was 74.08% (95% CI 63.24, 82.17) for anti-S IgG and 24.71% (95% CI 16.26, 34.62) for nAbs on day 29. The non-inferiority of SII-NVX-CoV2373 booster to the control vaccine for each prime cohort was met. SII-NVX-CoV2373 booster showed significantly higher immune responses than BBV152 homologous booster. On day 181, seroresponse rates were ≥ 70% in all the groups for both nAbs and anti-S IgG. Solicited adverse events reported were transient and mostly mild in severity in all the groups. No causally related SAE was reported. SII-NVX-CoV2373 as a heterologous booster induced non-inferior immune responses as compared to homologous boosters in adults primed with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BBV152. SII-NVX-CoV2373 showed a numerically higher boosting effect than homologous boosters. The vaccine was also safe and well tolerated.
COVID-19 was declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30th January 2020. Compared to the general population, healthcare workers and their families have been identified to be ...at a higher risk of getting infected with COVID-19. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the risk factors responsible for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection among health workers in different hospital settings and to describe the range of clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 infection among them.
A nested case-control study was conducted among healthcare workers who were involved in the care of COVID-19 cases for assessing the risk factors associated with it. To get a holistic perspective, the study was conducted in 19 different hospitals from across 7 states (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan) of India covering the major government and private hospitals that were actively involved in COVID-19 patient care. The study participants who were not vaccinated were enrolled using the incidence density sampling technique from December 2020 to December 2021.
A total of 973 health workers consisting of 345 cases and 628 controls were recruited for the study. The mean age of the participants was observed to be 31.17 ± 8.5 years, with 56.3% of them being females. On multivariate analysis, the factors that were found to be significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 were age of more than 31 years (adjusted odds ratio aOR 1.407 95% CI 1.53-1.880;
= 0.021), male gender (aOR 1.342 95% CI 1.019-1.768;
= 0.036), practical mode of IPC training on personal protective equipment (aOR 1. 1.935 95% CI 1.148-3.260;
= 0.013), direct exposure to COVID-19 patient (aOR 1.413 95% CI 1.006-1.985;
= 0.046), presence of diabetes mellitus (aOR 2.895 95% CI 1.079-7.770;
= 0.035) and those received prophylactic treatment for COVID-19 in the last 14 days (aOR 1.866 95% CI 0.201-2.901;
= 0.006).
The study was able to highlight the need for having a separate hospital infection control department that implements IPC programs regularly. The study also emphasizes the need for developing policies that address the occupational hazards faced by health workers.
BACKGROUND: The new coronavirus disease COVID-19 has been spreading from Wuhan city to other cities in China and worldwide since December 2019. It was declared a pandemic by the World Health ...Organization on March 11, 2020. To guarantee the final success, people's adherence to the control measures is essential, which is greatly influenced by their knowledge, attitude, and practices toward COVID-19. Hence, the study was taken up to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices among law college students.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mysore in March 2020 among the students of Law College. Students who were not interested in taking up the study were not included in the study. A total of 256 study participants were included in the study. Data were collected using a pretested and self-administered questionnaire about knowledge-, attitude-, and practice-based questions on COVID-19. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and were analyzed using SPSS V.23.
RESULTS: Among 256 study participants, 130 were female (50.8%) and 126 were male (49.2%). The main sources of information for the study participants are online newspapers/channels (n = 70) and social media (n = 55). The median score of knowledge, attitude, and practices is 5, 4, and 8, respectively. A comparison of the scholastic year with knowledge scores was found to be statistically significant at aP < 0.05.
CONCLUSION: The knowledge and attitude scores were low, but it was found that the study participants were following appropriate practices regarding COVID-19.
Background: Examinations are formal tests conducted to assess a student's knowledge. Despite their paramount importance, they can impact students physically and mentally by causing stress and ...anxiety. Hence, identifying the changes that hamper a student's lifestyle, during examinations, in order to prevent the development of unhealthy behavioral patterns is the goal of this study. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted among undergraduate medical students of Mysuru over a period of 2 months from February 2023 to April 2023 in 120 participants. Data was collected using an online questionnaire, entered into M.S. Excel and analyzed using SPSS software. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for all the categorical variables. Results: 61.7% of the study participants showed extreme examination stress. Only 39.3% consumed 3 balanced meals daily. A complete lack of physical activity was observed in 38.1%. Regular caffeine consumption was noted in 46.4% and 27.4% showed unusual amounts of junk food daily. Irregular sleeping patterns were found in 23.8%, sleeping at odd times beyond 1 am was noted in 59.5% and deficient sleep duration (<6 hours) was observed in 46.6% of the surveyed population. Conclusions: The findings from this survey highlight the significant impact of examinations on the lifestyle-related behaviors of undergraduate students such as high prevalence of extreme examination stress, irregular eating habits, lack of physical activity, and sleep deprivation.
Background: Anaemia is a major health problem creating an extreme burden on public health, especially in developing countries. Globally, anaemia affects 1.62 billion people, which corresponds to ...24.8% of the population. The government of India is implementing various programs to bring down the prevalence of anaemia including iron and folic acid supplementation to school going children. This study attempts to assess the prevalence of anaemia among school going children of first to the tenth standard, in rural and urban areas of Mysore and Chamarajanagara districts of southern part of Karnataka state, India.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 50 selected schools of Mysore and Chamarajanagara districts for a period of one academic year, and 8719 students were evaluated for anaemia. The data was analyzed using appropriate software and statistical methods.Results: The prevalence of anaemia among school going children in Mysore and Chamarajanagar districts was 27.6%. While 22.7% of the girls showed the signs of anaemia, only 19.2% of boys showed anaemia. The prevalence of anaemia was high in rural areas than urban areas and maximum prevalence was seen among high school students followed by upper primary school students and lower primary school students.Conclusions: The total prevalence of anaemia among school children in Mysore and Chamarajanagara districts was 27.6%. The prevalence of anaemia was below the currently available national standards. This low prevalence could be attributed to the continuing care with yearly screening and iron and folic acid tablets provided to the study population under National Health Mission.
Oral diseases are the most common disease that affect people throughout their life time. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 estimated that oral disease affects at least 3.58 billion people ...worldwide. Indian Dental Associations (IDA) drafted the National Oral Health Programme to address the burden of dental diseases and to bring about ‘optimal oral health’ for all by 2020. With this background, this study intends to assess the prevalence of oral diseases among school children from 3 years to 14 years, from both urban and rural areas, of Mysuru and Chamarajanagar district of Karnataka state, India.
A cross sectional study was conducted in selected 44 schools of Mysuru and Chamarajanagar districts for a period of one academic year and a total of 9062 students were evaluated for oral diseases. Data was entered in Microsoft excel worksheet. Descriptive statistics like percentage was used. Inferential statistics were applied as needed using licensed version of SPSS 22. Inferential statistical test like Chi-square test was applied to find out the association and was expressed statistically significant at p-value less than 0.05.
Among the 9062 children, 50.1% were males and 49.9% were females. Of the total students examined 61.9% were from rural area and 38.1% were from urban areas. There was no much difference in the prevalence of dental diseases among boys and girls and the prevalence of dental caries was high among the students attending urban schools (96.5%) as compared to rural area (86.1%), which was statistically significant. It was seen that aphthous ulcer (0.25%) constituted the most common oral comorbidities.
The total prevalence of oral diseases, especially dental caries and dental fluorosis were 27.40% and 1.8% respectively.
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