The incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma has increased among adolescents and young adults in recent decades, but the relevant risk factors in early life are still unknown. A national cohort study was ...conducted of 3,571,574 individuals born in Sweden in 1973-2008 and followed up for Hodgkin lymphoma incidence through 2009, to examine perinatal and family risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood through young adulthood (ages 0-37 years). There were 943 Hodgkin lymphoma cases identified in 66.3 million person-years of follow-up. High fetal growth was associated with an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma after adjustment for gestational age at birth and other potential confounders (P(trend) = 0.005). Family history of Hodgkin lymphoma in a sibling or parent also was strongly associated with an increased risk, with adjusted hazard ratios = 8.83 (95% confidence interval: 3.67, 21.30) and 7.19 (95% confidence interval: 3.58, 14.44), respectively. No association was found between gestational age at birth, birth order, twinning, parental age, or parental education and Hodgkin lymphoma. These findings did not vary by age at Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis. Similar associations were found for nodular sclerosis and mixed cellularity subtypes. These findings suggest that perinatal factors including possible growth factor pathways may contribute to the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood through young adulthood.
To investigate whether cancer is associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD).
Cox proportional hazards models were used to test associations between prevalent dementia and risk ...of future cancer hospitalization, and associations between prevalent cancer and risk of subsequent dementia. Participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Substudy, a prospective cohort study, aged 65 years or older (n = 3,020) were followed a mean of 5.4 years for dementia and 8.3 years for cancer.
The presence of any AD (pure AD + mixed AD/VaD; hazard ratio HR = 0.41, 95% confidence interval CI = 0.20-0.84) and pure AD (HR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.12-0.86) was associated with a reduced risk of future cancer hospitalization, adjusted for demographic factors, smoking, obesity, and physical activity. No significant associations were found between dementia at baseline and rate of cancer hospitalizations for participants with diagnoses of VaD. Prevalent cancer was associated with reduced risk of any AD (HR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.52-0.997) and pure AD (HR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.36-0.90) among white subjects after adjustment for demographics, number of APOE epsilon4 alleles, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease; the opposite association was found among minorities, but the sample size was too small to provide stable estimates. No significant association was found between cancer and subsequent development of VaD.
In white older adults, prevalent Alzheimer disease (AD) was longitudinally associated with a reduced risk of cancer, and a history of cancer was associated with a reduced risk of AD. Together with other work showing associations between cancer and Parkinson disease, these findings suggest the possibility that cancer is linked to neurodegeneration.
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BMJ
. 2023;380:e072112)
The leading cause of mortality among women globally is cardiovascular disease, and adverse perinatal outcomes have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular ...disease later in life. Despite this association, adverse perinatal outcomes are often overlooked as cardiovascular risk factors in women. The aim of this study is to determine associations between adverse pregnancy outcomes (ie, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, small for gestational age, and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy) and the long-term risk of ischemic heart disease.
The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in early life has increased in recent decades, but the relevant risk factors remain largely unknown. We examined perinatal and family risk factors for NHL ...in childhood through young adulthood.
We conducted a national cohort study of 3 571 574 individuals born in Sweden in 1973-2008 who were followed for incidence of NHL through 2009 (ages 0-37 years). Detailed information on perinatal and family characteristics and NHL diagnoses were obtained from national birth and cancer registries. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between perinatal and family variables and NHL; P values are from two-sided tests.
There were 936 NHL case patients identified in 66.3 million person-years of follow-up. Independent risk factors for NHL included family history of NHL in either a sibling (adjusted HR = 9.84; 95% CI = 2.46 to 39.41; P = .001) or parent (adjusted HR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.27 to 4.38; P = .007); high fetal growth (for ≥ 2 SDs relative to 0 to <1 SD from the mean: adjusted HR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.25; P = .002); older maternal age (adjusted HR for each 5-year increment = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.19; P (trend) = .004); low birth order (adjusted HR for each increment of one birth = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.99; P (trend) = .02); and male sex (adjusted HR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.38 to 1.80; P < .001). Male sex was associated with onset of NHL before 15 years of age but not with later-onset NHL, whereas the other risk factors did not vary by age at diagnosis. No association was found between gestational age at birth, twinning, paternal age, or parental education and NHL.
In this large national cohort study, family history of NHL, high fetal growth, older maternal age, low birth order, and male sex were independent risk factors for NHL in early life.
The author analyzes data on technical violations and interviews with probation officers working in the field to discern not only how technical violations are commonly addressed, but the officers' ...rationale. He argues that frequent tolerance of even serious violations before revocation is due in part to a regulatory model of probation where compliance is sought through inspections, discipline, and a normalization process. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Objective: To determine the contribution of inheritance to the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Design: Historical cohort study. First degree relatives of cases ...with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck made up the exposed cohort and first degree relatives of spouses of cases made up the comparison unexposed cohort. Setting: Ear, nose, and throat clinic in a large metropolitan teaching hospital. Subjects: 1429 first degree relatives of 242 index cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck; as controls, 934 first degree relatives of the spouses of 156 index cases. Main outcome measures: Relative risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma in first degree relatives of cases compared with risk in first degree relatives of spouses. Results: The adjusted relative risk for developing head and neck cancer if the index case had squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck was 3.79 (95% confidence interval 1.11 to 13.0). There were no significantly increased risks associated with a family history of cancer at other sites. The adjusted relative risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck was 7.89 (1.50 to 41.6) in first degree relatives of patients with multiple primary head and neck tumours. Conclusions: These data suggest that genetic factors are important in the aetiology of head and neck cancer, in particular for patients with multiple primary cancers. Given the prolonged exposure of these subjects to carcinogens, these genetic factors may have a role in modifying carcinogen activity or in host resistance to carcinogens. Inherited factors may be important in persons with environmentally induced cancers. Key messages Tobacco and alcohol are established risk factors, but some affected persons are non-smokers and non-drinkers Genetic makeup may determine how individuals respond to carcinogens This study found a significantly increased relative risk of 3.79 for developing head and neck cancer if a first degree relative had squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck As with other cancers, people with multiple primary cancers of the head and neck may represent a susceptibility group as the familial risks are higher
Objective To determine whether directly observed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter diploid haplotype, either alone or in conjunction with androgen receptor (AR) genotype, is associated with ...prostate cancer risk. Methods We conducted a case-control study nested within the US population-based Cardiovascular Health Study cohort. Incident prostate cancers were identified by linkage to cancer registry records for the years 1989-2000. We genotyped 193 cases and 391 controls for the PSA −252 G/A and −158 G/A SNPs and the AR CAG microsatellite, and developed methods to directly determine proximal PSA promoter haplotypes. Exact logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and significance levels. Results No significant associations were observed between PSA diplotype and prostate cancer overall. Short (<20) AR CAG repeat lengths were associated with modest increases in the risk of prostate cancer (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.97-2.19; p = 0.071) that were significant for advanced disease (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.02-3.26; p = 0.044). Men who possessed two copies of the PSA*2 (−252G/−158G) haplotype and short AR CAG repeat lengths had a 4-fold (95% CI, 1.05-20.75; exact p = 0.040) increased risk of prostate cancer, and a 7-fold (95% CI, 1.25-39.78; exact p = 0.026) increased risk of advanced disease. Conclusions We found evidence that the PSA*2*2 diplotype in combination with short AR CAG alleles increases a man's risk of developing prostate cancer. These findings support an etiologic role in prostate cancer of genetic interactions between polymorphisms that increase AR transactivation strength and those that alter the regulatory regions of target genes such as PSA that are responsive to androgen stimulation.
This paper is concerned with the question of what garment workers did when they felt they were treated inequitably or unfairly at work. Did unfair treatment lead to employee theft? By conducting 16 ...semi-structured interviews with retired garment workers and employing a qualitative analysis, it was learned that neither employee theft nor other forms of deviance were often selected when responding to matters involving inequity. In only a few cases was there any indication that theft occurred as a result of the worker feeling he or she did not receive what was owed to him or her. This can be explained by the influence of the work group and the institutional mechanisms developed by the union.
We performed multipoint linkage analysis of the electrophysiological trait ECB21 on chromosome 4 in the full pedigrees provided by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). Three ...Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)-based approaches were applied to the provided and re-estimated genetic maps and to five different marker panels consisting of microsatellite (STRP) and/or SNP markers at various densities. We found evidence of linkage near the GABRB1 STRP using all methods, maps, and marker panels. Difficulties encountered with SNP panels included convergence problems and demanding computations.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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