Rethinking drug design in the artificial intelligence era Schneider, Petra; Walters, W Patrick; Plowright, Alleyn T ...
Nature reviews. Drug discover/Nature reviews. Drug discovery,
05/2020, Letnik:
19, Številka:
5
Journal Article
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Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly being applied in drug discovery. While some protagonists point to vast opportunities potentially offered by such tools, others remain sceptical, ...waiting for a clear impact to be shown in drug discovery projects. The reality is probably somewhere in-between these extremes, yet it is clear that AI is providing new challenges not only for the scientists involved but also for the biopharma industry and its established processes for discovering and developing new medicines. This article presents the views of a diverse group of international experts on the 'grand challenges' in small-molecule drug discovery with AI and the approaches to address them.
This volume shows why it is misleading to view time as an object, exploring the insights that can be gained from analogies between sequences and by comparing event timings. Incorporating extensive ...references to music and, more broadly, to the act of listening provides illuminating glimpses into these fundamental structural properties of reality.
Well-being depends not only on
what
happens but also on
when
it happens. There are temporal aspects of well-being, and to a large extent those aspects are about relative timing—about being “in-tact.” ...On the one hand, there is a perspectival aspect about being in-tact with one’s past, present, and future or, in a less involved sense, with one’s life as a whole. On the other hand, there is a synchronization aspect of being in-tact; and this aspect occurs on different levels: It might be about the alignment between different temporal domains—such as time as individually perceived and physical or intersubjective time. Or it might be about a single domain, especially the inner dynamics of individual time. The danger of not experiencing and acknowledging the relational character of these different timings likely leads to a substantial loss in the variety of human experience. Important aspects of subjective and intersubjective experience might fade away. The present paper discusses these aspects of well-being along the lines of distinctions and concepts prominently used in the metaphysics and the phenomenology of time. Thus, the paper also aims to complement the existing literature by bringing together important strands of current philosophical research.
Certain properties of an object only emerge when a sufficient number of those objects are present in a definite arrangement. For example, one or two water molecules cannot said to be in a liquid ...state, but a drop of water can be. This concept of emergence has been studied extensively, but only occasionally discussed explicitly in the context of chemistry. In this paper, we aim to show the fruitfulness of the concept of emergence for chemical inquiry by considering four case studies of emergent chemical properties, i. e., the liquidity and freezing of water, structural properties of crystals, thermodynamical phase transitions and quantum mechanical phenomena. We show that some of these properties emerge gradually, some at discrete points, and some should be taken to emerge only when the number of constituents tends to infinity. We argue that studying the way in which chemical properties emerge presents a useful avenue for research that promises greater insight into the nature of those properties.
Certain physico‐chemical properties like density or color emerge only when a sufficient number of atoms or molecules are combined in a suitable way. By discussing various case studies, such as the liquidity of water, we here investigate the fundamental types of emergence in chemistry. Studying how properties emerge enables us to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of these properties.
This paper aims at closing a gap in recent Weyl research by investigating the role played by Leibniz for the development and consolidation of Weyl's notion of theoretical (symbolic) construction. For ...Weyl, just as for Leibniz, mathematics was not simply an accompanying tool when doing physics—for him it meant the ability to engage in well-guided speculations about a general framework of reality and experience. The paper first introduces some of the background of Weyl's notion of theoretical construction and then discusses particular Leibnizian inheritances in Weyl's ‘Philosophie der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaft’, such as the general appreciation of the principles of sufficient reason and of continuity. Afterwards the paper focuses on three themes: first, Leibniz's primary quality phenomenalism, which according to Weyl marked the decisive step in realizing that physical qualities are never apprehended directly; second, the conceptual relation between continuity and freedom; and third, Leibniz's notion of ‘expression’, which allows for a certain type of (surrogative) reasoning by structural analogy and which gave rise to Weyl's optimism regarding the scope of theoretical construction.
•Weyl's notion of theoretical construction is analysed and put in historical context.•Role played by Leibniz for Weyl's ‘Philosophie der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaft’ is discussed in detail.•Fundamental principles in theory and concept formation are critically evaluated.
Around 1918 Hermann Weyl resisted the logicists’ attempt to reduce mathematics to logic and set theory. His philosophical points of reference were Husserl and Fichte. In the 1920s, Weyl distinguished ...between the position of these two philosophers and separated the conceptual affinity between intuitionism and phenomenology from the affinity between formalism and constructivism. Not long after Weyl had done so, Oskar Becker adopted a similar distinction. In contrast to the phenomenologist Becker, however, Weyl assumed the superiority of active Fichtean constructivism over the passive Husserlian view of essences. The present paper discusses this development in Weyl’s thought. Though not all of Weyl’s claims about Husserl and Fichte can be maintained in detail, I will argue for the general plausibility of Weyl’s distinction.
Paradoxien beim Hören Sieroka, Norman; Uppenkamp, Stefan
Physik in unserer Zeit,
01/2022, Letnik:
53, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Zusammenfassung
Die Auseinandersetzung mit auditorischen Merkwürdigkeiten und Ambiguitäten ist nicht nur unterhaltsam, sie ist auch ein wichtiger Treiber für die auditorische Grundlagenforschung. Der ...gleiche akustische Reiz kann tatsächlich auf unterschiedliche Weisen wahrgenommen werden. Wir hören eben nicht nur „mit den Ohren“, sondern diverse weitere physikalische, physiologische und auch kulturelle Faktoren spielen eine wichtige Rolle. Damit ergeben sich direkt auch breitere philosophische Fragestellungen beispielsweise zur Wahrnehmung – und auch der anhaltende Reiz von Musikstücken beruht an vielen Stellen auf solchen Ambiguitäten 13.
Paradoxien beim Hören Sieroka, Norman; Uppenkamp, Stefan
Physik in unserer Zeit,
January 2022, Letnik:
53, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Zusammenfassung
Die Auseinandersetzung mit auditorischen Merkwürdigkeiten und Ambiguitäten ist nicht nur unterhaltsam, sie ist auch ein wichtiger Treiber für die auditorische Grundlagenforschung. Der ...gleiche akustische Reiz kann tatsächlich auf unterschiedliche Weisen wahrgenommen werden. Wir hören eben nicht nur „mit den Ohren“, sondern diverse weitere physikalische, physiologische und auch kulturelle Faktoren spielen eine wichtige Rolle. Damit ergeben sich direkt auch breitere philosophische Fragestellungen beispielsweise zur Wahrnehmung – und auch der anhaltende Reiz von Musikstücken beruht an vielen Stellen auf solchen Ambiguitäten 13.
Etwas hören, das es nicht gibt; etwas nicht hören, das es gibt; das Gleiche unterschiedlich hören … Viele erstaunliche Phänomene, die uns beim Hören begegnen, haben damit zu tun, dass wir nicht nur mit den Ohren hören. Erst die Verknüpfung der sensorischen Reize mit Erfahrungen, Gedächtnisinhalten und dem jeweiligen Kontext bestimmt letztlich unsere bewusste Wahrnehmung.
This article investigates an intertwined systematic and historical view on theories of matter. It follows an approach brought forward by Hermann Weyl around 1925, applies it to recent theories of ...matter in physics (including geometrodynamics and quantum gravity), and embeds it into a more general philosophical framework. First, I shall discuss the physical and philosophical problems of a unified field theory on the basis of Weyl's own abandonment of his 1918 ‘pure field theory’ in favour of an ‘agent theory’ of matter. The difference between agent and field theories of matter is then used to establish a sort of dialectic meta-view. With reference to Weyl this view can be understood as being a particular Fichtean transcendental idealist approach which attempts to combine the strengths of the Husserlian phenomenology and Cassirer's neo-Kantianism. 1 Introduction 2 Weyl on Pure Field Physics and Agent Theories of Matter 2.1 Weyl's abandonment of pure field physics 2.2 The philosophical tradition of agent theories 3 A Weylian Classification of Recent Theories of Matter 3.1 Direct interparticle action 3.2 Wheeler's geometrodynamics 3.3 Geometrodynamics of gauge fields 3.4 Quantum gravity: quantum general relativity versus string theory 4 Wavering Between Freedom and Constraint
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