Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää METSO-ohjelmaan kuuluvien uusien suojelukohteiden laatua. Tutkimusalueelta inventoitiin yhteensä 40 pysyvästi tai määräaikaisesti suojeltua kohdetta, joiden ...yhteispinta-ala oli 126 hehtaaria. Kohteet kuvioitiin ja niiltä mitattiin kuvioittain metsikkötunnukset sekä inventoitiin kääpä-, kovakuoriais- ja epifyyttilajisto. Lisäksi arvioitiin, mihin METSO-ohjelman luonnontieteellisissä valintaperusteissa kuvattuun elinympäristötyyppiin ja laatuluokkaan kukin kuvio kuului. Kookkaiden lehtipuiden ja lahopuun määriä METSO-kohteilla verrattiin keskimääräisiin talousmetsiin VMI10:n tulosten avulla.
•Windthrow is a common event in streamside buffer strips.•Buffer strips of 15 m were sensitive to windthrow.•Buffer strips of 30 m had fewer windthrow, especially near the stream.•Selective logging ...did not affect the proportion of windthrown trees.•Clear-cut extent on both sides of the stream tended to increase windthrow.
Streamside forests are preserved from clear-cut logging in production forests and protected with uncut buffer strips in many countries. However, buffer strips often remain narrow due to economic reasons and, therefore, provide weak protection against adverse edge effects of clear-cuts and are vulnerable to windthrow. Selective logging of buffer strips is sometimes allowed to reduce their costs, but the decreased tree density may expose the buffer to higher occurrence of windthrow. We used a replicated two-factor experiment to assess the effects of buffer width (15 m or 30 m) and selective logging (0% or 30% of the basal area removed) on the risk of windthrow in boreal streamside forests in Finland. We examined the windthrown trees 12 years after experimental logging at 29 sites and at seven unlogged control sites. In addition, we studied the influence of topography and the extent of clear-cut logging in the surrounding forests on windthrow risk. The proportion of windthrown spruces at sites with 15 m buffer strips was, on the average, six times higher than at control sites and 2.5 times higher than at sites with 30 m buffer strips. In contrast, the proportion of windthrown spruces did not differ between sites with 30 m buffer strips and control sites. Selective logging did not increase the risk of windthrow strongly. However, sites with selectively logged 30 m buffers were slightly more prone to windthrow than control sites. The proportion of windthrown trees tended to increase with the extent of the adjacent clear-cut areas on both sides of the stream. We conclude that a 15 m buffer strip is not wide enough to protect streamside forests from substantial windthrow, while a 30 m buffer strip is sufficient in most cases. Selective logging of 30 m buffers may be undertaken at sites that are not under a high risk of windthrow. If selective logging enables a wider buffer strip, it may be a better option for protecting the streamside habitat from substantial windthrow than leaving a narrow buffer strip. Moreover, clear-cut harvesting on both sides of the stream should be avoided if the aim is to prevent excessive windthrow.
Understanding the current condition of complex systems and systematically improving is a difficult challenge, which many organizations are struggling with. Repeatable success requires the right ...method in addition to domain expertise. Lean value stream mapping (VSM) is a commonly used method that has been applied successfully in many domains. Despite its success VSM does have short comings when it is used to analyse complex processes where the value produced varies for different stakeholders and is largely intangible. Traditional VSM also lacks a practical way of modelling elements that are present in multiple steps of the value stream and a systematic approach to generating different type of improvement ideas (incremental and step change). This article introduces a value stream analyses method for complex systems, which combines traditional value stream mapping with TRIZ analyses (Ideality, functional world, FAA, perception mapping) and ideation tools (trimming, inventive principles, inventive provocations). The new method is designed to solve the weaknesses of VSM and enable systematic idea generation based on a holistic understanding of the system (including intangible perspectives). The method also integrates practical facilitation practices to ease the learning curve for participants. The article will also present two case studies from an IT company (change management and financial reporting and forecasting processes) and analyse results and benefits of the new hybrid method.
The extinction of species is a non‐random process, and understanding why some species are more likely to go extinct than others is critical for conservation efforts. Functional trait‐based approaches ...offer a promising tool to achieve this goal. In forests, deadwood‐dependent (saproxylic) beetles comprise a major part of threatened species, but analyses of their extinction risk have been hindered by the availability of suitable morphological traits.
To better understand the mechanisms underlying extinction in insects, we investigated the relationships between morphological features and the extinction risk of saproxylic beetles. Specifically, we hypothesised that species darker in colour, with a larger and rounder body, a lower mobility, lower sensory perception and more robust mandibles are at higher risk.
We first developed a protocol for morphological trait measurements and present a database of 37 traits for 1,157 European saproxylic beetle species. Based on 13 selected, independent traits characterising aspects of colour, body shape, locomotion, sensory perception and foraging, we used a proportional‐odds multiple linear mixed‐effects model to model the German Red List categories of 744 species as an ordinal index of extinction risk.
Six out of 13 traits correlated significantly with extinction risk. Larger species as well as species with a broad and round body had a higher extinction risk than small, slim and flattened species. Species with short wings had a higher extinction risk than those with long wings. On the contrary, extinction risk increased with decreasing wing load and with higher mandibular aspect ratio (shorter and more robust mandibles).
Our study provides new insights into how morphological traits, beyond the widely used body size, determine the extinction risk of saproxylic beetles. Moreover, our approach shows that the morphological characteristics of beetles can be comprehensively represented by a selection of 13 traits. We recommend them as a starting point for functional analyses in the rapidly growing field of ecological and conservation studies of deadwood.
Abstrakt
Das Aussterben von Arten ist kein zufälliger Prozess und ein Verständnis, warum bestimmte Arten eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit haben auszusterben als andere, ist von zentraler Bedeutung für den Naturschutz. Analysen funktionaler Eigenschaften von Arten stellen hierbei einen vielversprechenden Ansatz dar. Viele der an Totholz gebundenen Käferarten sind gefährdet, aber entsprechende Analysen zur Gefährdungssituation der Arten waren bisher durch die fehlende Verfügbarkeit geeigneter morphologischer Eigenschaften limitiert.
Um die Mechanismen des Aussterbens von Insekten besser zu verstehen, haben wir den Zusammenhang zwischen morphologischen Eigenschaften und der Gefährdung von Totholzkäfern untersucht. Dabei testeten wir die Hypothesen, ob Arten mit einer dunklen Farbe, mit einem großen und runden Körper, mit geringer Mobilität, mit geringer sensorischer Wahrnehmung und mit robusten Mandibeln besonders stark gefährdet sind.
In einem ersten Schritt entwickelten wir ein Messprotokoll für 37 morphologische Eigenschaften und erstellten eine Datenbank für 1,157 europäische Totholzkäfer. Für 13 ausgewählte und unabhängige morphologische Messwerte für Farbe, Körperform, Fortbewegung, Sinneswahrnehmung und Nahrungssuche von Totholzkäfern berechneten wir mit Hilfe eines gemischten ordinalen Modells den Einfluss auf die Gefährdungskategorie der Deutschen Roten Liste für 744 Totholzkäfer.
Sechs der 13 morphologischen Eigenschaften hatten einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Gefährdungssituation. Große Arten und Arten mit einem breiten und runden Körper waren stärker gefährdet als kleine, schmale und flache Arten. Arten mit kurzen Flügeln waren gefährdeter als die mit langen Flügeln. Im Gegensatz dazu waren Arten mit geringer Flügellast (Masse pro Flügelfläche) und großem Mandibel‐Seitenverhältnis (kürzer und robustere Mandibeln) stärker gefährdet.
Unsere Studie liefert neue Evidenz inwieweit morphologische Eigenschaften, über die bereits intensiv betrachtete Körpergröße hinaus, die Gefährdungssituation von Totholzkäfern beeinflussen. Des Weiteren zeigt unser Ansatz, dass die Morphologie von Käfern umfassend durch 13 selektierte Messgrößen beschrieben werden kann. Wir schlagen diese als Ausgangspunkt für weitere funktionelle Analysen in dem sich rasch entwickelnden Forschungsfeld ökologischer und naturschutzfachlicher Studien zum Thema Totholz vor.
The extinction risk of saproxylic beetles in Central Europe is not a random process. Species with morphological traits linked to forest structures and deadwood features that have been suppressed or removed by forestry in the last centuries have a higher extinction risk.
A mild Rh-catalyzed method for synthesis of cyclic unprotected N-Me and N-H 2,3-aminoethers using an olefin aziridination-aziridine ring-opening domino reaction has been developed. The method is ...readily applicable to the stereocontrolled synthesis of a variety of 2,3-disubstituted aminoether O-heterocyclic scaffolds, including tetrahydrofurans, tetrahydropyrans and chromanes.
A mild Rh-catalyzed method for synthesis of cyclic unprotected N-Me and N-H 2,3-aminoethers using an olefin aziridination-aziridine ring-opening domino reaction has been developed.
Biodiverse communities have been shown to sustain high levels of multifunctionality and thus a loss of species likely negatively impacts ecosystem functions. For most taxa, however, roles of ...individual species are poorly known. Rare species, often most likely to go extinct, may have unique traits and functional roles. Alternatively, rare species may be functionally redundant, such that their loss would not disrupt ecosystem functions. We quantified the functional role of rare species by using captures of wood-living (saproxylic) beetle species, combined with recent databases of morphological and ecological traits, from three regions in central and northern Europe. Using a rarity index based on species' local abundance, geographic range, and habitat breadth, we used local and regional species removal simulations to examine the contributions of both the rarest and the most common beetle species to three measures of community functional structure: functional richness, functional specialization, and functional originality. Both regionally and locally, all three measures declined more rapidly when rare species were removed than under common (or random) species removal scenarios. These consistent patterns across scales and among forest types give evidence that rare species provide unique functional contributions, and their loss may disproportionately impact ecosystem functions. This implies that conservation measures targeting rare and endangered species, such as preserving intact forests with dead wood and mature trees, can provide broader ecosystem-level benefits. Experimental research linking functional structure to ecosystem processes should be prioritized to increase understanding of the functional consequences of species loss and to develop more effective conservation strategies.
Multi-taxon analyses of ecological assemblages are needed when the effects of forestry on biodiversity are examined. Management usually simplifies the structure of forests, which results in ...quantitative and qualitative declines in many microhabitats and species associated with them. In Fennoscandia, most forests are managed for industrial use of wood, but relatively little is known about the relationships between structural components and biodiversity in managed forests. Abundance, composition or species number of different species groups reacting similarly to variation in their environment would be a useful tool e.g. in estimating responses of species that are more difficult to sample. Thus far evidence for, or the lack of, such congruence or indicator functioning is not conclusive. We therefore examined the associations between stand structural features and species diversity and congruence between species groups of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens, polypores and beetles. Our study was carried out in mature managed Norway spruce dominated forests in Southern Finland in 2009. Our main findings were (1) cross-taxon congruence in species richness was generally low, suggesting that any single taxonomic group performed poorly as an indicator of overall biodiversity; (2) the volume and diversity of dead trees were the most frequently detected significant predictors of species richness of the studied groups; (3) in terms of species composition, only vascular plants co-varied significantly with bryophytes and lichens; in addition, bryophytes and lichens as well as polypores co-varied significantly with stand structural features; (4) species composition of vascular plants, polypores and saproxylic beetles was associated with the volume of living trees, and in polypores it was also associated with the volumes of both dead and living deciduous trees. These results suggest that biodiversity monitoring for management and conservation requires data from several taxa. However, the volume and diversity of dead wood are useful indicators of stand-level species richness of several taxa, whereas the volume of living trees is an important indicator for the stand-level species composition of several groups. Thus, these structural variables have the potential to function as easily attainable indicators of general forest biodiversity.
Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of traits in beetle community assembly and test for consistency in these effects among several bioclimatic regions. We asked (1) whether traits ...predicted species’ responses to environmental gradients (i.e. their niches), (2) whether these same traits could predict co‐occurrence patterns and (3) how consistent were niches and the role of traits among study regions.
Location
Boreal forests in Norway and Finland, temperate forests in Germany.
Taxon
Wood‐living (saproxylic) beetles.
Methods
We compiled capture records of 468 wood‐living beetle species from the three regions, along with nine morphological and ecological species traits. Eight climatic and forest covariates were also collected. We used Bayesian hierarchical joint species distribution models to estimate the influence of traits and phylogeny on species’ niches. We also tested for correlations between species associations and trait similarity. Finally, we compared species niches and the effects of traits among study regions.
Results
Traits explained some of the variability in species’ niches, but their effects differed among study regions. However, substantial phylogenetic signal in species niches implies that unmeasured but phylogenetically structured traits have a stronger effect. Degree of trait similarity was correlated with species associations but depended idiosyncratically on the trait and region. Species niches were much more consistent—widespread taxa often responded similarly to an environmental gradient in each region.
Main conclusions
The inconsistent effects of traits among regions limit their current use in understanding beetle community assembly. Phylogenetic signal in niches, however, implies that better predictive traits can eventually be identified. Consistency of species niches among regions means niches may remain relatively stable under future climate and land use changes; this lends credibility to predictive distribution models based on future climate projections but may imply that species’ scope for short‐term adaptation is limited.
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