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•GDY function as co-catalyst and anchored nanoparticles to enhance the stability.•Basic structure and properties of GDY were elaborated.•The recent development in synthetic methods ...and different morphology of GDY were considered.•GDY nanocomposites for photodegradation, CO2 reduction, hydrogen evolution were explored.•Lastly, conclusion and future prospects of research on GDY-based nanomaterials.
Carbon materials are inexpensive and high‐performance nanomaterials producing ample scope for versatile applications. Graphdiyne (GDY) is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon having sp and sp2 hybridized planar carbon atoms. GDY was firstly synthesized by Li and co-workers in 2010, having diacetylene linkages, conjugated system, wide surface spacing, and pores distribution, tunable electronic properties, good chemical stability, and semiconductor characteristics. In this review, we examine GDY properties, synthesis, bandgap tunability, and current advancement in photocatalytic applications. Recent modifications in electrical, optical, and magnetic properties and some strategies to alter the bandgap of GDY, including applying strain, doping, co-doping, morphology formulation, and heterojunction construction, are elaborated. Different structural and morphological analysis, including nanotube, nanowires, nanosheets, nanowalls, and 3D GDY framework, are also discussed. Earlier GDY studies based on theoretical analysis are being validated by experimentation for feasible photocatalytic applications. The GDY-based nanocomposites were extensively explored for photodegradation, photoreduction of CO2, photocatalytic hydrogen production. The focus of this review is to provide an in‐depth understanding of GDY and promote the advancement in the development of next-generation photocatalytic systems derived from carbon materials.
Being cost-effective, synthetic materials were initially used abundantly for the removal of oil. Gradually, however, awareness of the use of dispersants like Corexit, which makes water resources more ...toxic than oil, has changed the scenario for the treatment of spilled oil. The removal of spilled oil from water resources is still a very topical issue. An eco-friendly and sustainable approach towards the environment has introduced many low-cost, non-toxic and biodegradable materials along with different biomasses to make micro-to nano-sized materials, membranes, sponges/aerogel, etc. for the removal and recovery of oil from water resources. Additionally, the reusability of these materials after the recovery of oils has added one more step towards sustainability. This review comprises the work conducted by various researchers in the field of the removal and recovery of spilled oils using various biomasses and polymers, either in the form of sorbents or separators.
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•Low cost, non-toxic and biodegradable materials for oil spill treatment.•Stability of Pickering emulsions by particles is more than surfactants stabilized emulsions.•Mechanical removal of oil using gelators and aerogels.•Gravity-driven separation of oil and water from their mixtures.
The over-exploitation of non-renewable resources leads to the depletion of energy reserves, as well as a rise in the price of petroleum-based fuels. Thus, there is a need to find suitable and ...sustainable substitutes for conventional fuels. The main features required for an alternative fuel are availability and renewability, or lower dependence on restricted resources accompanied with no or lower pollution. Due to their eco-friendly and non-toxic nature, biodiesel has been attracting increasing interest. Biodiesel production can be accomplished using various raw materials, catalysts, and technologies. In recent years, nanocatalyst technology has been widely used for biodiesel production due to its numerous advantages, such as large surface area, reusability and high activity of the nanocatalyst. This review provides an overview of biodiesel production with a description of various kinds of feedstock used, their advantages and disadvantages. Further, it offers a detailed description of different classes of biodiesel, including a characterization, assessment of qualities and limitations, and quality analysis of each type. Various methodologies used for biodiesel production are also elucidated, focusing on the potential of nanocatalyst processes. The aspect of nanocatalyst regeneration and reuse is also considered. This review delivers a comprehensive overview of biodiesel synthesis by discussing recent trends and challenges in this field, which will further the development of economically sustainable biodiesel production.
In this study a novel adsorbent, maghemite nanoparticles (γ-Fe
2O
3), is used for As(V) removal. Maghemite nanoparticles are an exceptional adsorbent material due to its magnetic properties and a ...good adsorption capacity. The aims of the study were to investigate the suitability of maghemite nanoparticles for As(V) adsorption and to compare properties of different maghemites and their As(V) adsorption efficiency. Maghemite nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM, VSM, BET and Zeta potential analyzers. Size of the particles varied from 3.8 to 18.4
nm. Adsorption experiments were carried out with three different kinds of maghemite nanoparticles: (i) commercially available, (ii) homemade with mechanochemical method and (iii) homemade with sol–gel process. All three different kinds of maghemite nanoparticles were successful in removing As(V) from water, one of them reached as high adsorption capacity as 50
mg/g.
This study aims at investigating the effects of MSW incinerator fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) on the anaerobic co-digestion of OFMSW with FA or BA. It also simulates the biogas production from ...various dosed and control bioreactors. Results showed that suitable ashes addition (FA/MSW 10 and 20
g
L
−1 and BA/MSW 100
g
L
−1) could improve the MSW anaerobic digestion and enhance the biogas production rates. FA/MSW 20
g
L
−1 bioreactor had the higher biogas production and rate implying the potential option for MSW anaerobic co-digestion. Modeling studies showed that exponential plot simulated better for FA/MSW 10
g
L
−1 and control bioreactors while Gaussian plot was applicable for FA/MSW 20
g
L
−1 one. Linear and exponential plot of descending limb both simulated better for BA/MSW 100
g
L
−1 bioreactor. Modified Gompertz plot showed higher correlation of biogas accumulation than exponential rise to maximum plot for all bioreactors.
Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all surface, ground and soil waters. An increase in the amount of NOM has been observed over the past 10–20
years in raw water supplies in several areas, ...which has a significant effect on drinking water treatment. The presence of NOM causes many problems in drinking water and drinking water treatment processes, including (i) negative effect on water quality by causing colour, taste and odor problems, (ii) increased coagulant and disinfectant doses (which in turn results in increased sludge volumes and production of harmful disinfection by-products), (iii) promoted biological growth in distribution system, and (iv) increased levels of complexed heavy metals and adsorbed organic pollutants. NOM can be removed from drinking water by several treatment options, of which the most common and economically feasible processes are considered to be coagulation and flocculation followed by sedimentation/flotation and sand filtration. Most of the NOM can be removed by coagulation, although, the hydrophobic fraction and high molar mass compounds of NOM are removed more efficiently than hydrophilic fraction and the low molar mass compounds. Thus, enhanced and/or optimized coagulation, as well as new process alternatives for the better removal of NOM by coagulation process has been suggested. In the present work, an overview of the recent research dealing with coagulation and flocculation in the removal of NOM from drinking water is presented.
The MAGIC telescopes are two Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) located on the Canary island of La Palma. The telescopes are designed to measure Cherenkov light from air showers ...initiated by gamma rays in the energy regime from around 50 GeV to more than 50 TeV. The two telescopes were built in 2004 and 2009, respectively, with different cameras, triggers and readout systems. In the years 2011-2012 the MAGIC collaboration undertook a major upgrade to make the stereoscopic system uniform, improving its overall performance and easing its maintenance. In particular, the camera, the receivers and the trigger of the first telescope were replaced and the readout of the two telescopes was upgraded. This paper (Part I) describes the details of the upgrade as well as the basic performance parameters of MAGIC such as raw data treatment, dead time of the system, linearity in the electronic chain and sources of noise. In Part II, we describe the physics performance of the upgraded system.
Water is a major source for survival on this planet. Its conservation is therefore a priority. With the increase in demand, the supply needs to meet specific standards. Several purification ...techniques have been adopted to meet the standards. Magnetic separation is one purification technique that has been adapted from ore mining industries to anti-scale treatment of pipe lines to seeding magnetic flocculent. No reviews have come up in recent years on the water purification technique using magnetic assistance. The present article brings out a series of information on this water purification technique and explains different aspects of magnetism and magnetic materials for water purification.
In plant breeding, one of the main purpose of multi-environment trial (MET) is to assess the intensity of genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions in order to select high-performing lines of each ...environment. Most models to analyze such MET data consider only the additive genetic effects and the part of the non-additive genetic effects are confounded with the residual terms and this may lead to the non-negligible residual covariances between the same trait measured at multiple environments. In breeding programs it is also common to have the phenotype information from some environments available and values are missing in some other environments. In this study we focused on two problems: (1) to study the impact of different residual covariance structures on genomic prediction ability using different models to analyze MET data; (2) to compare the ability of different MET analysis models to predict the missing values in a single environment. Our results suggests that, it is important to consider the heterogeneous residual covariance structure for the MET analysis and multivariate mixed model seems to be especially suitable to predict the missing values in a single environment. We also present the prediction abilities based on Bayesian and frequentist approaches with different models using field data sets (maize and rice) having different levels of G×E interactions.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Alpine lake sediments and glacier ice cores retrieved from high mountain regions can provide long-term records of atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic contaminants such as mercury (Hg). In this ...study, eight lake sediment cores and one glacier ice core were collected from high elevations across the Himalaya–Tibet region to investigate the chronology of atmospheric Hg deposition. Consistent with modeling results, the sediment core records showed higher Hg accumulation rates in the southern slopes of the Himalayas than those in the northern slopes in the recent decades (post-World War II). Despite much lower Hg accumulation rates obtained from the glacier ice core, the temporal trend in the Hg accumulation rates matched very well with that observed from the sediment cores. The combination of the lake sediments and glacier ice core allowed us to reconstruct the longest, high-resolution atmospheric Hg deposition chronology in High Asia. The chronology showed that the Hg deposition rate was low between the 1500s and early 1800, rising at the onset of the Industrial Revolution, followed by a dramatic increase after World War II. The increasing trend continues to the present-day in most of the records, reflecting the continuous increase in anthropogenic Hg emissions from South Asia.
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