Achieving the best possible outcome for the therapy is the main goal of a medicine. Therefore, nanocarriers and co-delivery strategies were invented to meet this need, as they can benefit many ...diseases. This approach was applied specifically for cancer treatment, with some success. However, these strategies may benefit many other clinical issues. Skin is the largest and most exposed organ of the human body, with physiological and psychological properties. Due to its exposition and importance, it is not difficult to understand how many skin diseases may impact on patients' lives, representing an important burden for society. Thus, this review aims to summarize the state of the art in research concerning nanocarriers and co-delivery strategies for topical agents' applications targeting skin diseases. The challenge for the medicine of the future is to deliver the drug with spatial and temporal control. Therefore, the co-encapsulation of drugs and the appropriate form of administration for them are so important and remain as unmet needs.
Many plants are used by the population through popular knowledge passed from generation to generation for the treatment of various diseases. However, there is not always any scientific content ...supporting these uses, which is very important for safety. One of these plants is the fruit of the
genus, which during its processing generates various residues that are discarded, but which also have pharmacological properties. The focus of this review is to survey the pharmacological activities that
genus shows, as well as which part of the plant is used, since there is a lot of richness in its by-products, such as leaf, bark, resin, seed, and peel, which are discarded and could be reused. The main activities of this genus are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antifungal, and antiviral, among others. These properties indicate that this genus could be used in the treatment of several diseases, but there are still not many products available on the market that use this genus as an active ingredient.
Endothelial barrier (EB) disruption contributes to acute lung injury in COVID-19, and levels of both VEGF-A and Ang-2, which are mediators of EB integrity, have been associated with COVID-19 ...severity. Here we explored the participation of additional mediators of barrier integrity in this process, as well as the potential of serum from COVID-19 patients to induce EB disruption in cell monolayers. In a cohort from a clinical trial consisting of thirty patients with COVID-19 that required hospital admission due to hypoxia we demonstrate that i) levels of soluble Tie2 were increase, and of soluble VE-cadherin were decreased when compared to healthy individuals; ii) sera from these patients induce barrier disruption in monolayers of endothelial cells; and iii) that the magnitude of this effect is proportional to disease severity and to circulating levels of VEGF-A and Ang-2. Our study confirms and extends previous findings on the pathogenesis of acute lung injury in COVID-19, reinforcing the concept that EB is a relevant component of this disease. Our results pave the way for future studies that can refine our understanding of the pathogenesis of acute lung injury in viral respiratory disorders, and contribute to the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for these conditions.
Free-ranging dogs (
Canis familiaris
) negatively impact wildlife worldwide. Yet despite being members of the order Carnivora, we have relatively little information on the role that dogs play in ...carnivore communities. To evaluate if activity patterns of wild carnivores are influenced by the activity of dogs and if the latter is influenced by the activity of pumas (
Puma concolor
), we placed camera traps in eight protected areas in São Paulo State and in six in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, from 2011 to 2017. We obtained 551 photo-captures of dogs in 20,524 trap nights in 11 of the 14 protected areas. Dogs were active primarily during the day and therefore overlapped mainly with diurnal carnivores, such as tayras (
Eira barbara
) and coatis (
Nasua nasua
). Mesocarnivore temporal activity did not appear affected by the activity of dogs, since the activity patterns of tayras, coatis, maned wolves (
Chrysocyon brachyurus
), and ocelots (
Leopardus pardalis
) were similar (from 67 to 82% of overlap) in areas with and without dogs. Further, the activity of dogs was not influenced by puma activity; dog activity patterns in areas with pumas and without pumas overlapped by 84%, with minimal differences. While mesocarnivores might alter their spatial behavior to avoid overlap with dogs, it appears that dog use of protected areas does not result in shifts in the temporal activity of mesocarnivores. Further, we hypothesize that dogs that use protected areas are mostly provisioned by humans (owners), and therefore, their activity patterns may be more related to that of their owners than to the presence of native carnivore species.
•The essential oil of E. caryophyllus was more toxic than I. verum against Callosobruchus maculatus in contact test.•Both oils reduced the number of eggs and insects emerged in both contact and ...repellency tests.•The LC95 concentration for both oils was repellent to C. maculatus.•Both oils presented fumigant effect on C. maculatus.
The cowpea weevil Callossobruchus maculatus Fabr. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) is the major pest in stored cowpea, especially in subtropical countries. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal potential of the essential oils of Illicium verum Hook. F. and Eugenia caryophyllus Spreng on adults of C. maculatus. The components of the essential oils were obtained and identified, the contact toxicity and the repellent and fumigant effect were determined. In the contact and fumigation test the lethal concentrations LC50 and LC95 were determined, the lethal concentrations determined in the contact test were used in the repellency test. For contact and repellency tests, the number of eggs and adults emerged were counted. According to the chemical analysis of the oils, E-anethole (88.85 %) and eugenol (74.31 %) for I. verum and E. caryophyllus, respectively, were the compounds in greater quantity. The values of lethal concentrations LC50 and LC95 in the contact test were estimated at 9.62 and 32.78, 1.27 and 11.95 μL/20 g, respectively, for the oils of I. verum and E. caryophyllus. The essential oil of E. caryophyllus presented higher toxicity for both lethal concentrations, being 5.44 and 2.74 times more toxic than I. verum for LC50 and LC95, respectively. In contact and repellency tests both oils reduced the number of eggs and insects emerged. The LC95 concentration for both oils was repellent to C. maculatus. The essential oils of E. caryophyllus and I. verum presented a potential fumigant effect on C. maculatus with relatively low lethal concentration (LC50) (22.36 and 20.27 μL/L of air for I. verum and E. caryophyllus, respectively), thus being an alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides for the control of stored grain pests.
Background. Approximately 90% of all anal cancers are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), especially high-risk genotypes such as HPVs 16 and 18. Objective. To investigate the clinical and ...prognostic aspects of anal cancers associated with the presence, as well as the genotypic distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV). Methods. A retrospective study carried out over a 10-year period, using clinical and molecular data, with PCR analysis and reverse hybridization (INNO-LIPA kit), in anal cancers. The data analysis was done using descriptive univariate statistics, and the survival curves were made using the Kaplan–Meier and log-rank methods. Results. Of the 81 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens, HPV prevalence was 69% and was significantly higher in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) than in other anal tumors (p=0.0001). Female patients had a higher prevalence of HPV (p=0.01). Multiple infections were detected in 14.3% of cases. The most prevalent genotypes were HPVs 16, 33, and 18. The overall survival at 60 months was 44.3%, and the prognostic factors included gender (p=0.008) with greater survival for men (52.9%) in comparison to women (29.6%), histological type (p=0.01), SCC (54.4%), adenocarcinomas (37.5%), other carcinomas (14.2%), and the presence of distant metastasis (p=0.01). Survival was not influenced by the presence of HPV (p=0.54). Conclusions. The association of HPV to anal cancer was found in this study, especially in SCC. However, the presence of HPV did not influence the prognosis of patients with anal cancer.
The tayra (Eira barbara) is a common and broadly distributed Neotropical carnivore, yet is not well‐studied. While this species is apparently associated with forested habitats, it also appears ...tolerant of some anthropogenic disturbance. We deployed 57 unbaited camera traps (n = 4923 trap‐days) in and around a protected area (Furnas do Bom Jesus State Park, São Paulo, Brazil) to survey for tayra and two potentially interactive species: puma (Puma concolor) and free‐ranging dogs (Canis familiaris). We used encounter histories generated from photographs and occupancy models to quantify tayra landscape use in the human‐dominated landscape composed of the protected area that was near a city and surrounded by agricultural lands dominated by small farms. We fit co‐occurrence models to understand whether puma and free‐ranging dogs affected landscape use by tayra. We detected tayra at 44% of sites and found that tayra landscape use increased with the proportion of forest cover within 500 m of the sampling site. Other factors predicting tayra landscape use included whether the sampling site was within the protected area, its distance to water, and slope. Dogs, which are common on the periphery of the protected area, seem to have a weak negative effect on tayra landscape use. Because of the concentration of forest within the park, this is an important protected area for the carnivore population within this human‐modified landscape. Thus, environmental variables, such as forest cover, distance to water, as well as administrative protection status, are important for understanding local‐scale tayra distribution.
in Portuguese is available with online material.
Resumo
A irara (Eira barbara) é um carnívoro neotropical comum e amplamente distribuído. No entanto, os detalhes da ecologia desta espécie são pouco compreendidos. Embora esta espécie esteja aparentemente associada a habitats florestais, ela também parece tolerar alguns distúrbios antrópicos e fragmentação de habitats. Distribuímos 57 armadilhas‐fotográficas sem o uso de iscas (n = 4923 câmeras‐dia) dentro e ao redor de uma Unidade de Conservação (Parque Estadual Furnas do Bom Jesus, São Paulo, Brasil) para investigar a presença de irara e de duas espécies com potencial para interação: a suçuarana (Puma concolor) e cão‐doméstico (Canis familiaris). Nós utilizamos o histórico de encontros obtidos dos registros fotográficos (com data e horário) e modelos de ocupação para quantificar o uso de da paisagem pela irara em uma paisagem dominada por atividades antrópicas composta de uma Unidade de Conservação próxima à área urbana e rodeada por atividades agrícolas e pequenas propriedades rurais. Nós ajustamos modelos de co‐ocorrência para entender se a suçuarana e os cães errantes afetam o uso da paisagem pela irara. Detectamos irara em 44% dos sítios e encontramos que o uso da paisagem pela irara aumenta com a proporção de cobertura florestal dentro de sítios de amostragem de 500 m. Outros fatores que preveem o uso da paisagem pela irara incluíram se o local de amostragem estava dentro da Unidade de Conservação, sua distância à água e declividade. Cães, que são comuns na periferia do parque, parecem ter fraco um efeito negativo no uso da paisagem da irara. Devido à concentração de floresta dentro do parque, o Parque Estadual Furnas do Bom Jesus é uma importante Unidade de Conservação para as populações de carnívoros em uma paisagem modificada pelo homem. Assim, variáveis ambientais, como cobertura florestal, distância à corpos d’água e cães, bem como o estado de proteção da área, são importantes para o entendimento da distribuição da irara em escala local.
in Spanish is available with online material.
Resumen
La tayra (Eira barbara) es un carnívoro neotropical común y de amplia distribución, pero no está bien estudiado. Esta especie aparenta estar asociada con hábitats boscosos, pero también parece tolerar algunas alteraciones antropogénicas. Usamos datos de cámaras trampa y modelos de ocupación para cuantificar el uso del espacio por tayra en un paisaje dominado por humanos y compuesto por un área protegida (Parque Estatal Furnas do Bom Jesus, São Paulo, Brasil) cerca de una ciudad y también rodeada de tierras agrícolas dominadas por pequeñas granjas. Adicionalmente, ajustamos modelos de co‐ocurrencia para determinar si el puma (Puma concolor) y los perros callejeros (Canis familiaris) afectan el uso del paisaje por parte de tayra. Trabajamos en 60 sitios, distribuidos en y alrededor del área protegida, donde muestreamos para presencia de tayra, puma y perro utilizando cámara trampa sin cebo (n = 4923 días‐trampa). Detectamos tayra en el 44% de los sitios y encontramos una asociación fuerte con hábitat boscoso, ya que el uso por tayra aumentó con la proporción de bosque dentro de 500 m del sitio muestreado. Otros factores que predecían el uso del paisaje por tayra incluían si el sito muestreado estaba dentro del área protegida, la distancia al agua y la pendiente. Los perros eran comunes en la periferia del área protegida, y parecen tener un efecto negativo débil en el uso del paisaje por tayra. Debido a la concentración de bosque dentro del parque, esta es un área protegida importante para la población de carnívoros dentro de un paisaje modificado por humanos. Por lo tanto, las variables ambientales, como la cubierta forestal, disponibilidad de agua y los perros callejeros, así como el estado de protección administrativa, son importantes para comprender la distribución tayra a escala local.
The tayra is a common and broadly distributed Neotropical carnivore, yet is not well‐studied. Forest cover and protected areas within a landscape are the best predictors of tayra distribution in Brazilian Cerrado. Dogs, which are common on the periphery of the protected area, seem to have a weak negative effect on tayra landscape use. Thus, environmental variables, such as forest cover, distance to water, as well as administrative protections status, are important for understanding local‐scale tayra distribution
To contribute to knowledge of the epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) among indigenous people living in sylvatic regions, we studied the sand fly fauna collected in areas of ...disease transmission in the Brazilian Amazon. Here we report two datasets comprising occurrence data for sand flies from the Suruwaha Indigenous Land in the state of Amazonas collected in 2012-2013, and the Wajãpi Indigenous Land in the state of Amapá collected in 2013-2014. Sand flies were collected using unbaited CDC-like light traps at various sites within each study area and were identified to either genus or species-level by taxonomists with expertise in Amazonian fauna. A total of 4,646 records are reported: 1,428 from the Suruwaha and 3,218 from the Wajãpi. These records will contribute to a better understanding of ACL transmission dynamics, as well as the distribution of insect vectors, in these areas.
Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with the development of anogenital and head and neck cancers. In recent years a potential role of HPV in colorectal cancer (CRC) has ...been suggested. Objective To investigate the presence of HPV in colorectal carcinomas and to study the role of p16INK4a as a marker of transcriptionally active HPV infection. In addition, to investigate the correlation between these findings and the CRC prognostic factors. Methods Case control study with 92 cases of colorectal cancers, 75 controls of normal tissue adjacent to the tumor, and 30 controls of precursor lesions, including polyps and colorectal adenomas. Paraffinized samples were used, HPV detection and genotyping were performed by PCR and reverse hybridization by using the INNO LIPA kit, with SPF10 plus primers. The expression of the p16INK4a protein was investigated using immunohistochemistry. Data analysis was performed using descriptive, univariate statistics and survival curves were calculated by using the Kaplan Meier and log-rank method. Results HPV was detected in 13% of the cases and the most prevalent genotype was HPV 16. HPV DNA was not detected in either control groups. The high expression of p16INK4a was observed in 30% of the cases, but it was not associated to the presence of HPV. The overall survival was 53.3% and was influenced by prognostic factors such as later stage, lymph node and distant metastasis. Conclusions Based on these results, HPV is unlikely to be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis and p16INK4a expression is not a relevant marker of transcriptionally active HPV infection in CRC.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Introduction Several factors can interfere with orthodontic treatment, and it is important to verify which ones may hinder its success. Objective To compare the duration of orthodontic ...treatment between nasal and mouth breathers with Angle Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. Material and method This is an analytical observational study which used the records of orthodontic patients cared at a higher education institution in Sao Paulo state, Brazil, between 1999 and 2009. Data from the following variables were analyzed: age, gender, breathing mode (nasal or oral breathing), and treatment duration (beginning and end). Patients were matched for age and treatment used. The ANOVA test was applied to analyze the study data at 5% significance level (p<0.05). Result The study sample consisted of 36 individuals, 16 female (10 nasal breathers and six mouth breathers) and 20 males (eight nasal breathers and 12 mouth breathers), aged nine to 15 years (mean age=13.021). As for orthodontic treatment duration, individuals in the nasal breathing group remained between 27 and 74 months (mean duration=39.61) under treatment, whereas treatment of individuals in the mouth breathing group lasted between 29 and 50 months (mean duration=36.66). No statistically significant differences were observed between the study groups. Conclusions We conclude that the variable altered breathing mode does not interfere with treatment duration.
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