A metal- and photocatalyst-free photoinduced radical cascade hydroalkylation of 1,7-enynes has been disclosed. The process is triggered by a single electron transfer (SET) event involving a ...photoexcited electron-donor–acceptor complex between an NHPI ester and a Hantzsch ester, which decomposes to afford a tertiary radical that is readily trapped by the enyne. The method provides an operationally simple, robust, and step-economical approach toward the construction of diversely functionalized dihydroquinolinones bearing quaternary centers. A sequential one-pot hydroalkylation–isomerization approach is also offered, giving access to a family of quinolinones. A wide substrate scope and high functional group tolerance were observed in both approaches.
The controlled mono-addition of indolizines to isatins under very mild conditions is described. The reaction occurs in water using diphenylphosphate as the catalyst, which is dramatically accelerated ...by surfactant addition. 3-Hydroxy-3-indolizinyl-2-oxindole scaffolds were synthesized in up to >99% yield. Notably, in organic solvents only bis-addition products were observed.
Controlled Friedel-Crafts monoalkylations of indolizines with isatins have been achieved by using water as the solvent. This is the first organocatalyzed indolizine 1,2-addition reported.
Introduction:
Empathy is a complex human experience that involves the subjective intersection of different individuals. In the context of nursing care in the geriatric setting, the benefits of ...empathetic relationships are directly related to the quality of the practice of nursing.
Objective:
Analyze scientific production on the benefits of empathy in the nurse–patient relationship in the geriatric care setting.
Methods:
An integrative review of the literature was performed using the PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases. The articles retrieved were organized, evaluated, and classified based on the level of scientific evidence.
Results:
Relationships of empathy between nurses and older people were analyzed in quasi-experimental studies using different assessment tools, the majority of which had moderate levels of validity and reliability. Studies with a qualitative approach discussed the meaning of empathy in terms of the quality of care offered, compassion, and vulnerability.
Discussion:
Levels of empathy increase when activities are developed with the aim of teaching, sensitization, and training for relational care between nursing staff and older people. The analysis of empathetic relationships is important to the evaluation of the quality of care provided to older people.
Conclusion:
Empathy in the nurse–patient relationship in the geriatric care setting is an important ethical aspect that contributes to the quality of the practice of nursing. The present findings indicate the need for more robust assessment tools with adequate psychometric properties and the descriptive analysis of empathy.
Abstract Diabetic neuropathy has a profound impact in the quality of life of patients who frequently complain of pain. The mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) are no longer ascribed ...only to damage of peripheral nerves. The effects of diabetes at the central nervous system are currently considered causes of DPN. Management of DNP may be achieved by antidepressants that act on serotonin (5-HT) uptake, namely specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) is a key pain control center involved in descending pain modulation at the spinal cord through local release of 5-HT and plays a peculiar role in the balance of bidirectional control (i.e. inhibitory and facilitatory) from the brain to the spinal cord. This review discusses recently uncovered neurobiological mechanisms that mediate nociceptive modulation from the RVM during diabetes installation. In early phases of the disease, facilitation of pain modulation from the RVM prevails through a triplet of mechanisms which include increase in serotonin expression at the RVM and consequent rise of serotonin levels at the spinal cord and upregulation of local facilitatory 5HT3 receptors, enhancement of spontaneous activity of facilitatory RVM neurons and up-regulation of the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor. With the progression of diabetes the alterations in the RVM increase dramatically, with oxidative stress and neuronal death associated to microglia-mediated inflammation. In a manner similar to other central areas, like the thalamus, the RVM is likely to be a “pain generator/amplifier” during diabetes, accounting to increase DNP. Early interventions in DNP prevention using strategies that simultaneously tackle the exacerbation of 5-HT3 spinal receptors and of microglial RVM activity, namely those that increase the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, should be considered in the future of DNP treatment.
Multilayer graphene oxide (mGO) was synthesized and functionalized via co-precipitation method to produce magnetic Fe
3
O
4
-functionalized multilayer graphene oxide nanocomposite (MmGO). ...Photocatalytic properties of MmGO were investigated in the photodegradation of raw textile wastewater samples. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy revealed Fe–O vibrations, characterized by the band shift from 636.27 to 587.25 cm
−1
on MmGO. X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful oxidation of graphite by the (002) peak at 10° and indicated the presence of Fe
3
O
4
on MmGO surface by the peaks at 2θ 35.8° (311), 42.71° (400), 54.09° (511), and 62.8° (440). There was no detection of coercivity field and remnant magnetization, evidencing a material with superparamagnetic properties. Then, the textile effluent was treated by heterogeneous photo-Fenton (HPF) reaction. A 2
2
factorial design was conducted to evaluate the effects of MmGO dosage and H
2
O
2
concentration on HPF, with color and turbidity removal as response variables. The kinetic behavior of the adsorption and HPF processes was investigated separately, in which, the equilibrium was reached within 60 and 120 min, for adsorption and HPF, respectively. Pseudo-second-order model exhibited the best fit, with COD uptake capacity at equilibrium of 4094.94 mg g
−1
, for chemical oxygen demand. The modeling of kinetics data showed that the Chan and Chu model was the most representative for HPF, with initial removal rate of 95.52 min
−1
. The removal of organic matter was 76.36% greater than that reached by conventional treatment at textile mills. The presence of Fe
3
O
4
nanoparticles attached to MmGO surface was responsible for the increase of electron mobility and the enhancement of its photocatalytic properties. Finally, MmGO presented low phytotoxic to
Cucumis sativus
L. with a RGI of 0.53. These results bring satisfactory perspectives regarding further employment, on large scale, of MmGO as nanocatalyst of textile pollutants.
The noradrenergic system is paramount for controlling pain and emotions. We aimed at understanding the descending noradrenergic modulatory mechanisms in joint inflammatory pain and its correlation ...with the diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs) and with the onset of anxiodepressive behaviours. In the complete Freund's adjuvant rat model of Monoarthritis, nociceptive behaviors, DNICs, and anxiodepressive-like behaviors were evaluated. Spinal alpha2-adrenergic receptors (a2-AR), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and noradrenaline were quantified concomitantly with a2-AR pharmacologic studies. The phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (pERK1/2) were quantified in the Locus coeruleus (LC), amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). DNIC was attenuated at 42 days of monoarthritis while present on days 7 and 28. On day 42, in contrast to day 28, noradrenaline was reduced and DBH labelling was increased. Moreover, spinal a2-AR were potentiated and no changes in a2-AR levels were observed. Additionally, at 42 days, the activation of ERKs1/2 was increased in the LC, ACC, and basolateral amygdala. This was accompanied by anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, while at 28 days, only anxiety-like behaviors were observed. The data suggest DNIC is attenuated in prolonged chronic joint inflammatory pain, and this is accompanied by impairment of the descending noradrenergic modulation and anxiodepressive-like behaviors.
Objectives
To systematically evaluate randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on whether adjuvant application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) through the technique of irradiation in the ...external region of the periodontal pocket with optic‐fibre tip offers benefits to scaling and root planning (SRP).
Methods
Five databases were searched by two independent reviewers according to pre‐specified eligibility criteria up to April 2023. No restrictions regarding date of publication, language and minimum follow‐up period were imposed. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) was used for quality appraisal and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation for assessing the certainty of evidence.
Results
A total of 1388 publications were identified and reviewed for eligibility. Four of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The sample consisted of a total of 83 patients with periodontitis. In these, 330 periodontal sites were evaluated. The clinical findings of the majority of the included studies demonstrated that patients who received the association of aPDT + RAR with the protocol evaluated here, obtained clinical results similar to patients who received only the SRP alone. In none of the evaluated RCTs, clinical advantages were observed that would categorise this aPDT protocol as superior to conventional treatment.
Conclusion
Applying aPDT after SRP with external irradiation of the periodontal pocket does not seem to result in any clinical benefit compared to the use of SRP alone in patients with periodontitis.
The residue generated in the aluminium cold lamination (TTR) was submitted to a direct burning and then it was calcined at 500°C. BET, FTIR, SEM with EDX and TGA techniques were performed to ...characterize the adsorbent before and after the adsorption. BET analysis showed that TTR specific surface area was 55.37 m
2
g
−1
and there were no significant changes after the adsorptive process. Afterwards, the TTR was applied as adsorbent of the reactive Drimaren Blue (DB), Drimaren Red (DR) and Drimaren Gold (DG). Its employment consists in a sustainable alternative for the treatment of textile wastewater, once the TTR was used as low-cost adsorbent of textile dyes. Kinetic studies showed that the process reached the equilibrium state between 5 and 10 min. The pseudo-second-order model better fitted the adsorption kinetics, with kinetic rate constants 10.51, 34.71 and 31.51 mg min g
−1
for DB, DR and DG respectively. The equilibrium experiments were performed to obtain the adsorption parameters for each dye; moreover, the maximum adsorption capacity was 6.27, 0.42 and 1.23 mg g
−1
for DB, DR and DG, respectively. Thermodynamics studies allowed to obtain the values of enthalpy for DB, DR and DG, −7.90, 14.03 and −17.75 kJ mol
−1
, respectively. Furthermore, the negative values of Gibbs free energy confirmed the spontaneity of the adsorption. The results point to the physisorption characteristic of the process, in which the temperature negatively influenced the adsorption for the DB and DG; the opposite result was observed for the DR.
Diesel‐contaminated soil was treated with Fenton's oxidant, from hydrogen peroxide. Soil samples were collected during the earthmoving of RNEST Oil Refinery (Petrobras). A factorial design 33 ...evidenced that the concentration of iron ions Fe2+ was the variable with the most statistically significant effect in all experiments. The oxidation efficiency was found to be 57 % of total organic carbon (TOC) and 78 % of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) removal. Moreover, the sum of low‐molecular‐weight PAHs on treated soil and the sum of high‐molecular‐weight PAHs was determined. Soil remediation in a pilot‐scale reactor led to a reduction of nearly 80 % in total PAHs. Toxicity assessment with Californian red earthworms as bioindicator evidenced the mineralization of PAHs.
Soil contaminated with diesel oil was treated by an advanced oxidation process with Fenton oxidant. A removal of 58 % of total organic carbon and 76 % of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil was achieved. The contents of high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight PAHs were within the values established by international standards. Toxicity assessment evidenced the mineralization of most PAHs in soil.
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