Marine protected areas (MPAs) are commonly employed to protect ecosystems from threats like overfishing. Ideally, MPA design should incorporate movement data from multiple target species to ensure ...sufficient habitat is protected. We used long-term acoustic telemetry and network analysis to determine the fine-scale space use of five shark and one turtle species at a remote atoll in the Seychelles, Indian Ocean, and evaluate the efficacy of a proposed MPA. Results revealed strong, species-specific habitat use in both sharks and turtles, with corresponding variation in MPA use. Defining the MPA's boundary from the edge of the reef flat at low tide instead of the beach at high tide (the current best in Seychelles) significantly increased the MPA's coverage of predator movements by an average of 34%. Informed by these results, the larger MPA was adopted by the Seychelles government, demonstrating how telemetry data can improve shark spatial conservation by affecting policy directly.
There have been efforts around the globe to track individuals of many marine species and assess their movements and distribution, with the putative goal of supporting their conservation and ...management. Determining whether, and how, tracking data have been successfully applied to address real-world conservation issues is, however, difficult. Here, we compile a broad range of case studies from diverse marine taxa to show how tracking data have helped inform conservation policy and management, including reductions in fisheries bycatch and vessel strikes, and the design and administration of marine protected areas and important habitats. Using these examples, we highlight pathways through which the past and future investment in collecting animal tracking data might be better used to achieve tangible conservation benefits.
The value of animal tracking data to inform policy is illustrated by case studies from around the world and with a broad range of taxa.
Application of tracking data to policy and management can take various pathways, and engagement with stakeholders might often not be made by the original data collectors.
The impact of tracking data on policy and management can be improved if data collection and analyses target specific needs for management outcomes.
Early engagement among the data collectors and the stakeholders involved in policy development and implementation is important to help translate tracking data into conservation outcomes.
Long-distance movements of animals are an important driver of population spatial dynamics and determine the extent of overlap with area-focused human activities, such as fishing. Despite global ...concerns of declining shark populations, a major limitation in assessments of population trends or spatial management options is the lack of information on their long-term migratory behaviour. For a large marine predator, the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier, we show from individuals satellite-tracked for multiple years (up to 1101 days) that adult males undertake annually repeated, round-trip migrations of over 7,500 km in the northwest Atlantic. Notably, these migrations occurred between the highly disparate ecosystems of Caribbean coral reef regions in winter and high latitude oceanic areas in summer, with strong, repeated philopatry to specific overwintering insular habitat. Partial migration also occurred, with smaller, immature individuals displaying reduced migration propensity. Foraging may be a putative motivation for these oceanic migrations, with summer behaviour showing higher path tortuosity at the oceanic range extremes. The predictable migratory patterns and use of highly divergent ecosystems shown by male tiger sharks appear broadly similar to migrations seen in birds, reptiles and mammals, and highlight opportunities for dynamic spatial management and conservation measures of highly mobile sharks.
The exponentially correlated Hylleraas‐configuration interaction wave function (E‐Hy‐CI) is a generalization of the Hylleraas‐configuration interaction (Hy‐CI) in which the single rij of an Hy‐CI ...wave function is generalized to the generic type rijνije−ωijrij. This type of correlation has the right behavior both in the vicinity of the rij cusp and as rij goes to infinity; this work shows that wave functions containing both linear and exponential rij factors converge more rapidly than either one alone for low‐lying excited states of 1S symmetry. E‐Hy‐CI variational calculations with up to 8568 configurations lead to a nonrelativistic energy of −7.2799 1341 2669 3059 6491 6759 hartree for the 1 1S ground state of the Li+ ion.
The exponentially correlated Hylleraas‐configuration interaction wave function (E‐Hy‐CI) is a generalization of the Hylleraas‐configuration interaction (Hy‐CI) in which the single rij of an Hy‐CI wave function is generalized to the generic type rijνije−ωijrij. This type of correlation has the right behavior both in the vicinity of the rij cusp and as rij goes to infinity; this work shows that wave functions containing both linear and exponential rij factors converge more rapidly than either one alone for low‐lying excited states of 1S symmetry. E‐Hy‐CI variational calculations with up to 8568 configurations lead to a nonrelativistic energy of −7.279913412669305964916759 hartree for the 1S ground state of the Li+ ion.
A generalization of the Hylleraas‐configuration interaction method (Hy‐CI) first proposed in a previous study, the exponentially correlated Hylleraas‐configuration interaction method (E‐Hy‐CI) in ...which the single rij of an Hy‐CI wave function is generalized to a form of the generic type rijνije−ωijrij, is explored. This type of correlation, suggested by Hirshfelder in 1960, has the right behavior in the vicinity of both the rij cusp as rij goes to 0 and as rij goes to infinity; this work explores whether wave functions containing both linear and exponential rij factors converge more rapidly than either one alone. The method of calculation of the two‐electron E‐Hy‐CI kinetic energy and electron repulsion integrals in a stable and efficient way using recursion relations is discussed, and the relevant formulas are given. The convergence of the E‐Hy‐CI wave function expansion is compared with that of the Hy‐CI wave function without exponential correlation factors, demonstrating both convergence acceleration and an improvement in the accuracy for the same basis. This makes the application of the E‐Hy‐CI method to systems with N > 4, for which this formalism with at most a single rijνije−ωijrij factor per term leads to solvable integrals, very promising. E‐Hy‐CI method variational calculations with up to 10,080 expansion terms are reported for the ground 1S state of the neutral helium atom, with a resultant nonrelativistic energy of −2.9037 2437 7034 1195 9831 1084 hartree for the best expansion.
The exponentially correlated Hylleraas‐configuration interaction wave function (E‐HyCI) is a generalization of the Hylleraas‐configuration interaction (Hy‐CI) in which the single rij of an Hy‐CI wave function is generalized to the generic type rijνije−ωijri. This type of correlation has the right behavior both in the vicinity of the rij cusp and as rij goes to infinity; this work explores whether wave functions containing both linear and exponential rijfactors converge more rapidly than either one alone. E‐Hy‐CI variational calculations with up to 10 ,080 configurations lead to a nonrelativistic energy of −2.9037 2437 7034 1195 9831 1084 hartree for the 1S ground state of the helium atom.
A computationally fast Fortran 90+ quadruple precision portable parallel GRSDEP
(generalized real symmetric-definite eigenvalue problem) package suitable for large
(80,000 x 80,000 or greater) dense ...matrices is discussed in this paper.
ObjectivesSocial support may be an important mitigating factor against adverse cardiovascular outcomes by facilitating health-promoting behaviours or by buffering against the negative effects of ...stress. This study examined the association of social support with incident hypertension.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingWe evaluated the association of social support with incident hypertension among participants in the Jackson Heart Study, a community-based cohort of African Americans.ParticipantsThis study included African American adults, who were free of hypertension at baseline (2000–2004). Functional social support, structural social support and satisfaction with social support were assessed at baseline among 1516, 1240 and 1503 participants, respectively.Outcome measuresIncident hypertension was assessed at follow-up examinations in 2005–2008 and 2009–2013. Incident hypertension was defined by the first visit with systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or self-reported antihypertensive medication use. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to estimate the association of baseline social support with incident hypertension, adjusting for relevant confounders.ResultsAt baseline, the mean age of participants was 50 years and 64% were men. During a median follow-up time of 6.9 years, 54% of participants developed hypertension. A high level of functional social support was associated with lower risk of incident hypertension (incident rate ratio 0.64, (95% CI 0.41 to 0.97)), compared with a low level of functional social support. Level of structural social support and satisfaction with social support were not associated with hypertension risk.ConclusionsThese results suggest that greater functional support may be associated with a lower risk of incident hypertension.
Abstract
The ability to predict animal movement based on environmental change is essential for understanding the dynamic nature of their spatial ecology, and in turn the effectiveness of conservation ...strategies. We used a large marine predator that displays partial migration (the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier) as a model to test the role of oceanic conditions in predicting the space-use of different size classes. By using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs), we revealed that environmental variables (sea surface temperature, primary productivity, thermal fronts, and bathymetry) had much greater predictive power for the movements of large, migratory tiger sharks than for small, resident individuals. We also found that coverage of tiger shark movements within “shark sanctuaries” (protected areas specifically for sharks) in the northwest Atlantic could be increased from 12 to 52% through inclusion of Bermuda’s waters. However, as large tiger sharks are migratory, over 80% of potential longline fisheries interactions would still occur outside the boundaries of even the expanded protected areas. This emphasises that management of highly migratory species needs to be dynamic and account for changing interactions with fisheries over time, which in a changing climate may rely on predicting movements based on oceanic conditions to be effective.
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