Compound 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzodthiazol-3(2H)-yl)-N-((3-substituted-2-hydrobenzo dthiazol-2-yl)methylene)thiazol-2-amine (3c) was shown great anti-inflammation, analgesic, Ulcerogenic, Acute ...toxicity and free radical scavenging action as compare to reference drugs in albino rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg p.o.
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•Oxazole substitutents were found to be less biologacally active.•Compound 3a-3d had more inhibition potential than 3a′-3d′.•Compound 3c was the most anti-inflammatory and analgesically active.•Chloro substituted derivatives were found to be more effective than other.
Non-Steroidal biologically active heterocyclic compounds 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl) benzodthiazol-3(2H)-yl)-N-((3-substituted-2-hydrobenzodthiazol-2-yl)methylene) thiazol-2-amine (3a-3d), 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzodthiazol-3(2H)-yl)-N-((3-substituted − 2-hydrobenzo dthiazol-2-yl)methylene)oxazol-2-amine (3a′-3d′), (Z)-N'-(4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzodthiazol-3(2H)-yl)thiaol-2-yl)-N-(4-substituted phenylimino)-3-substituted-2-hydrobenzodthiazole-2-carboxamidine (4a-4 h) and (Z)-N'-(4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzodthiazol-3(2H)-yl)oxazol-2-yl)-N-(4-substituted phenylimino) − 3-substituted-2-hydrobenzodthiazole-2-carboxamidine (4a′-4h′) were synthesized starting from 2-chloro-1-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzodthiazol-3(2H)-yl) ethanone (1). The structure configuration of newly synthesized compounds has been determined by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic (IR, 1HNMR and GCMS) techniques. These compounds were tested for their anti-inflammation, analgesic, ulcerogenic, acute toxicity and free radical scavenging action and compared with reference drugs in albino rats. Compound 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzodthiazol-3(2H)-yl)-N-((3-substituted-2-hydrobenzo dthiazol-2-yl)methylene)thiazol-2-amine (3c) was the most active compound than reference drug at a dose of 50 mg/kg p.o.
•Genetic gain for rice grain yield for International Rice Research Institute drought breeding program was estimated.•Positive trend of 0.68 %, 0.87 %, 1.9 % under irrigated control, moderate and ...severe drought achieved.•Superiority of new rice varieties over currently grown demonstrated on farmers’ fields.•International Rice Research Institute developed rice varieties can protect farmers from crop losses under drought conditions.
The complexity of genotype × environment interactions under drought reduces heritability, which determines the effectiveness of selection for drought tolerance and development of drought tolerant varieties. Genetic progress measured through changes in yield performance over time is important in determining the efficiency of breeding programmes in which test cultivars are replaced each year on the assumption that the new cultivars will surpass the older cultivars. The goal of our study was to determine the annual rate of genetic gain for rice grain yield in a drought-prone rainfed system in a series of multi-environment trials conducted from 2005 to 2014 under the Drought Breeding Network of Indian sites in collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Our results show a positive trend in grain yield with an annual genetic yield increase of about 0.68 % under irrigated control, 0.87 % under moderate reproductive stage drought stress and 1.9 % under severe reproductive stage drought stress due to breeding efforts. The study also demonstrates the effectiveness of direct selection for grain yield under both irrigated control as well as managed drought stress screening to improve yield in typical rainfed systems. IRRI's drought breeding programme has exhibited a significant positive trend in genetic gain for grain yield over the years under both drought stress as well as favorable irrigated control conditions. Several drought tolerant varieties released from the programme have outperformed the currently grown varieties under varied conditions in the rainfed environments on farmers’ fields.
The contamination of soils with heavy metals and its associated hazardous effects are a thrust area of today's research. Rapid industrialization, emissions from automobiles, agricultural inputs, ...improper disposal of waste, etc., are the major causes of soil contamination with heavy metals. These contaminants not only contaminate soil but also groundwater, reducing agricultural land and hence food quality. These contaminants enter the food chain and have a severe effect on human health. It is important to remove these contaminants from the soil. Various economic and ecological strategies are required to restore the soils contaminated with heavy metals. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that is non-invasive, cost-effective, and aesthetically pleasing. Many metal-binding proteins (MBPs) of the plants are significantly involved in the phytoremediation of heavy metals; the MBPs include metallothioneins; phytochelatins; metalloenzymes; metal-activated enzymes; and many metal storage proteins, carrier proteins, and channel proteins. Plants are genetically modified to enhance their phytoremediation capacity. In
, the expression of the mercuric ion-binding protein in
improves the metal accumulation capacity. The phytoremediation efficiency of plants is also enhanced when assisted with microorganisms, biochar, and/or chemicals. Removing heavy metals from agricultural land without challenging food security is almost impossible. As a result, crop selections with the ability to sequester heavy metals and provide food security are in high demand. This paper summarizes the role of plant proteins and plant-microbe interaction in remediating soils contaminated with heavy metals. Biotechnological approaches or genetic engineering can also be used to tackle the problem of heavy metal contamination.
Farmer profit can be increased and air quality improved
Although intentional use of fires to transform land has decreased globally (
1
,
2
), particularly among highly capitalized countries through ...regulatory and market-oriented approaches and moral suasion, regulatory strategies have been less effective in southern and eastern Asia (see table S21). Some densely populated agricultural regions in China and India buck the global trend, showing increases in agricultural fires (
2
). This is particularly true in northwestern India, where rice residue burning makes a substantial contribution to air pollution and short-lived climate pollutants (
3
,
4
). Regulations are in place to reduce agricultural fires, but burning continues because of uncertainty regarding policy implementation and regarding access and returns to alternative technologies. With the field burning season soon upon us, we synthesize emerging evidence on alternatives to burning, clarify the business case for alternative practices, identify remaining uncertainties, and discuss approaches to increase their widespread adoption. Often, there are difficult trade-offs between environmental improvement and profitable economic opportunities. The case of crop residue management in northwestern India does not appear to fit this pattern and provides lessons that may be useful elsewhere.
Background
Climate extremes such as drought and flood have become major constraints to the sustainable rice crop productivity in rainfed environments. Availability of suitable climate-resilient ...varieties could help farmers to reduce the grain yield losses resulting from the climatic extremities. The present study was undertaken with an aim to develop high-yielding drought and submergence tolerant rice varieties using marker assisted introgression of
qDTY
1.1
,
qDTY
2.1
,
qDTY
3.1
and
Sub1.
Performance of near isogenic lines (NILs) developed in the background of Swarna was evaluated across 60 multi-locations trials (MLTs). The selected promising lines from MLTs were nominated and evaluated in national trials across 18 locations in India and 6 locations in Nepal.
Results
Grain yield advantage of the NILs with
qDTY
1.1
+ qDTY
2.1
+
qDTY
3.1
+
Sub1
and
qDTY
2.1
+
qDTY
3.1
+
Sub1
ranged from 76 to 2479 kg ha
− 1
and 396 to 2376 kg ha
− 1
under non-stress (NS) respectively and 292 to 1118 kg ha
− 1
and 284 to 2086 kg ha
− 1
under reproductive drought stress (RS), respectively. The NIL, IR96322–34-223-B-1-1-1-1 having
qDTY
1.1
+ qDTY
2.1
+
qDTY
3.1
+
Sub1
has been released as variety CR dhan 801 in India. IR 96321–1447-651-B-1-1-2 having
qDTY
1.1
+
qDTY
3.1
+
Sub 1
and IR 94391–131–358-19-B-1-1-1 having
qDTY
3.1
+
Sub1
have been released as varieties Bahuguni dhan-1′ and ‘Bahuguni dhan-2’ respectively in Nepal. Background recovery of 94%, 93% and 98% was observed for IR 96322–34-223-B-1-1-1-1, IR 96321–1447-651-B-1-1-2 and IR 94391–131–358-19-B-1-1-1 respectively on 6 K SNP Infinium chip.
Conclusion
The drought and submergence tolerant rice varieties with pyramided multiple QTLs can ensure 0.2 to 1.7 t ha
− 1
under reproductive stage drought stress and 0.1 to 1.0 t ha
− 1
under submergence conditions with no yield penalty under non-stress to farmers irrespective of occurrence of drought and/or flood in the same or different seasons.
Various efforts in ocular drug delivery have been made to improve the bioavailability and to prolong the residence time of drugs applied topically onto the eye. The potential use of polymeric ...nanoparticles as drug carriers has led to the development of many different colloidal delivery vehicles. Drug loaded polymeric nanoparticles (DNPs) offer several favorable biological properties, such as biodegradability, nontoxicity, biocompatibility and mucoadhesiveness. These submicron particles are better than conventional ophthalmic dosage forms to enhance bioavailability without blurring the vision. DNPs have been shown to be amenable to targeting of the drug to the site of action, leading to a decrease in the dose required and a decrease in side effects. Additionally, DNPs can be fabricated by simple techniques with better physical stability than liposomes. This unique combination of properties makes DNPs a novel polymeric drug delivery device, which fulfils the requirements for ophthalmic application. This review discusses the polymeric nanoparticles, physiochemical characterization, fabrication techniques, therapeutic significances, patented technology of nanoparticles and future possibility in the field of ocular drug delivery.
Drug loaded polymeric nanoparticles (DNPs) offer several favorable biological properties, such as biodegradability, nontoxicity, biocompatibility and mucoadhesiveness. These submicron particles are better than conventional ophthalmic dosage forms to enhance bioavailability without blurring the vision.
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Main conclusion
Nicotiana tabacum
exhibits recovery response towards tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus. Transcriptome analysis revealed the differential expression of defense-related genes. Genes ...encoding for cysteine protease inhibitor, hormonal- and stress-related to DNA repair mechanism are found to be involved in the recovery process.
Elucidating the role of host factors in response to viral infection is crucial in understanding the plant host–virus interaction.
Begomovirus
, a genus in the family
Geminiviridae,
is reported throughout the globe and is known to cause serious crop diseases. Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGV) infection in
Nicotiana tabacum
resulted in initial symptom expression followed by a quick recovery in the systemic leaves. Transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes both in symptomatic as well as recovered leaves when compared to mock-inoculated plants. The virus infected
N. tabacum
results in alteration of various metabolic pathways, phytohormone signaling pathway, defense related protein, protease inhibitor, and DNA repair pathway. RT-qPCR results indicated that
Germin-like protein subfamily T member 2
(
NtGLPST
)
, Cysteine protease inhibitor 1-like (NtCPI), Thaumatin-like protein
(
NtTLP
)
, Kirola-like
(
NtKL
), and
Ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF109-like
(
NtERTFL
) were down-regulated in symptomatic leaves when compared to recovered leaves of ToLCGV-infected plants. In contrast, the
Auxin-responsive protein SAUR71-like
(
NtARPSL
) was found to be differentially down-regulated in recovered leaves when compared to symptomatic leaves and the mock-inoculated plants. Lastly,
Histone 2X protein like
(
NtHH2L
) gene was found to be down-regulated, whereas
Uncharacterized
(
NtUNCD
) was up-regulated in both symptomatic as well as recovered leaves compared to the mock-inoculated plants. Taken together, the present study suggests potential roles of the differentially expressed genes that might govern tobacco’s susceptibility and/or recovery response towards ToLCGV infection.
Plasticity among cell lineages is a fundamental, but poorly understood, property of regenerative tissues. In the gut tube, the small intestine absorbs nutrients, whereas the colon absorbs ...electrolytes. In a striking display of inherent plasticity, adult colonic mucosa lacking the chromatin factor SATB2 is converted to small intestine. Using proteomics and CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we identify MTA2 as a crucial component of the molecular machinery that, together with SATB2, restrains colonic plasticity. MTA2 loss in the adult mouse colon activated lipid absorptive genes and functional lipid uptake. Mechanistically, MTA2 co-occupies DNA with HNF4A, an activating pan-intestinal transcription factor (TF), on colonic chromatin. MTA2 loss leads to HNF4A release from colonic chromatin, and accumulation on small intestinal chromatin. SATB2 similarly restrains colonic plasticity through an HNF4A-dependent mechanism. Our study provides a generalizable model of lineage plasticity in which broadly-expressed TFs are retained on tissue-specific enhancers to maintain cell identity and prevent activation of alternative lineages, and their release unleashes plasticity.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The lack of knowledge about key traits in field environments is a major constraint to germplasm improvement and crop management because waterlogging-prone environments are highly ...diverse and complex, and the mechanisms of tolerance to waterlogging include a large range of traits. A model is proposed that waterlogging tolerance is a product of tolerance to anaerobiosis and high microelement concentrations. This is further evaluated with the aim of prioritizing traits required for waterlogging tolerance of wheat in the field. METHODS: Waterlogging tolerance mechanisms of wheat are evaluated in a range of diverse environments through a review of past research in Australia and India; this includes selected soils and plant data, including plant growth under waterlogged and drained conditions in different environments. Measurements focus on changes in redox potential and concentrations of diverse elements in soils and plants during waterlogging. KEY RESULTS: (a) Waterlogging tolerance of wheat in one location often does not relate to another, and (b) element toxicities are often a major constraint in waterlogged environments. Important element toxicities in different soils during waterlogging include Mn, Fe, Na, Al and B. This is the first time that Al and B toxicities have been indicated for wheat in waterlogged soils in India. These results support and extend the well-known interactions of salinity/Na and waterlogging/hypoxia tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: Diverse element toxicities (or deficiencies) that are exacerbated during waterlogging are proposed as a major reason why waterlogging tolerance at one site is often not replicated at another. Recommendations for germplasm improvement for waterlogging tolerance include use of inductively coupled plasma analyses of soils and plants.
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