Background Over time, the Zambia Defence Force adjusted the career progression instructions to ensure systematic and timely promotions of commissioned officers. However, the amendments did not yield ...the intended results.Objectives The study examines the adequacy of career progression instructions in influencing the promotions of commissioned officers in the Zambia Defence Force.Method This study employed a mixed-method research design which specifically applied convergent parallel design involving qualitative and quantitative research approaches. A total of 209 commissioned officers were selected using a multi-stage sampling method. Purposive sampling was used to select 12 Brigadier Generals, four from each Service. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used to collect data from commissioned officers and key informants, respectively. Statistical Package for Social Sciences and Microsoft Excel were used to analyse quantitative data, while the content and thematic analysis were used to analyse qualitative data.Results Most commissioned officers (84.2%) revealed that they were aware of the career progression instructions that were needed to guide their career path in the Zambia Defence Force. The majority of commissioned officers, 122, expressive of 58.3%, revealed that career progression instructions did not foster systematic promotions of commissioned officers. Furthermore, 112 commissioned officers, signifying 54.1%, indicated that their promotions were not timely.Conclusion The career progression instructions inadequately facilitated the career progression of commissioned officers in the Zambia Defence Force.Contribution The inadequacy of career progression instructions in the Zambia Defence Force was documented in this article.
This article critically evaluates the ChiNdau–English and English–ChiNdau Vocabulary: With Grammatical Notes, a bilingual dictionary published in 1915 by the American Board Mission (Rhodesian ...Branch), with a view of determining its suitability for use as a point of departure for modern Ndau lexicography. More than a century after its publication, it remains the only diction-ary in the language. The language has been treated as a dialect of Shona for close to a century, until its emergence as one of the country's sixteen officially-recognized languages in the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe. This landmark development requires practical work that can transform Ndau into a fully-fledged and intellectualized language. Lexicography is one of the key intellectual enter-prises that can contribute in this regard. It is therefore the contention of this article that the existing dictionary be considered as a vital point of reference for future lexicographic work in Ndau. An analysis of various aspects of the dictionary indicate that, notwithstanding some limitations, this dictionary indeed managed to set some standards that may be incorporated in current and future lexicographic works in this less documented language.Verlore en gevind : die waarde van 'n taamlik onbekende tweetalige woordeboek rakende die intellektualisering van Ndau.In hierdie artikel word die ChiNdau–English and English–ChiNdau Vocabulary: With Grammatical Notes, 'n tweetalige woordeboek wat in 1915 deur die American Board Mission se Rhodesiese tak gepubliseer is, krities beoordeel ten einde die toepaslikheid daarvan vir gebruik as 'n vertrekpunt vir die moderne Ndau-leksikografie te bepaal. Meer as 'n eeu ná die publikasie daarvan is dit steeds die enigste woordeboek in die taal. Die taal is vir ongeveer 'n honderd jaar behandel as 'n dialek van Shona totdat dit in 2013 in die Grondwet van Zimbabwe as een van die land se sestien amptelik erkende tale verklaar is. Hierdie belangrike gebeurtenis vereis praktiese werk ten einde Ndau in 'n volledige en geïntellektualiseerde taal te omskep. Leksikografie is een van die deurslaggewende intellektuele ondernemings wat hiertoe kan bydra. Dit is dus die betoog van hierdie artikel dat die bestaande woordeboek beskou word as 'n onmisbare uitgangspunt vir toekomstige leksikografiese werk in Ndau. 'n Ontleding van verskeie aspekte van die woordeboek toon dat hierdie woordeboek ten spyte van sommige beperkings inderdaad daarin geslaag het om sekere standaarde te stel wat in huidige en toekomstige leksikografiese werke in hierdie minder gedokumenteerde taal ingesluit kan word.
The article presents a netnographic study in the area of language and media studies. The purpose of the study was to identify challenges faced by Ndau users on the Rekete ChiNdau-Leave a Legacy ...Facebook page. Using an ethnolinguistic vitality model to explore speaker-writers' motivations for online civic engagement, the article provides evidence that the group encounters several orthographic, lexicological (terminological), and language choice dilemmas that often militate against Ndau identity construction and assertion in Zimbabwe. To boost Ndau speaker-writers' resistance to Shona and English's cultural and linguistic hegemony, a number of practical interventions are proposed to enhance their online participation and strengthen their overall group vitality. Implementing the proposed intervention measures would not only mobilise linguistic and ethnic solidarity, but also support mother-tongue speakers' efforts to document, develop and standardise Ndau in Zimbabwe.
Is Ndau a Dialect of Shona? Sithole, Emmanuel
Language matters (Pretoria, South Africa),
05/2019, Letnik:
50, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The current Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013) officially ended Ndau's status as a dialect of Shona by recognising it as a separate language. The linguistic status of Ndau has been debated since Clement ...Doke's unification of Shona dialects in 1931. The question "Is Ndau a dialect of Shona or rather a separate language?" has proven disputable in academia. This intellectual debate exposes the extent of attached political sensitivities, linguistic complexities and sociolinguistic uncertainties regarding the matter. Acknowledging the difficulty of distinguishing between languages and dialects this article introduces an integrated approach to the Ndau/Shona debate by unifying four competing models: the historical, the linguistic, the sociolinguistic, and the political perspectives. This creates a platform to examine historical and structural linguistic features and cognitive elements as well as affective and emotional aspects informing the Ndau/Shona debate. The consolidated findings indicate that despite existing similarities between the two varieties Ndau is a separate language in Zimbabwe.
The convergence of Americans and Africans (Ndau and Zulu) at the Mt Selinda mission created a new order that was marked by significant ethical and metaphysical contradictions. Navigating through such ...a sticky reality with potentially pliable political, linguistic, cultural and social cleavages, American board missionaries adopted strategic interventions that enfeebled the predominant Ndau identity in Chipinge. Using archival data from the mission, government and personal archives, this article argues that missionaries engaged in manipulative language politics that, in addition to pitting African identities against each other, bended, twisted and subverted the revered traditions and normative sociocultural belief systems that had sustained the foundational values of the Ndau identity for centuries. Contrary to Eurocentric literature that extols missionaries' role in developing African languages and societies, we provide evidence that missionaries instituted linguistic and cultural reorientation initiatives to foist western policies and ideologies upon the church and the school. The upshot of this was the delegitimisation of traditional Ndau identities within the vicinity of the mission as well as the birth of new linguistic, educational and sociocultural identities subservient and apologetic to the cause, principles and values espoused by missionaries in Ndau speaking societies.
Historians, linguists and politicians consistently describe Ndau people as a Shona sub-group. Ironically, mother tongue lobby and advocacy groups are relentlessly vociferous in asserting a separate ...cultural, political and linguistic identity from Shona. Such a stalemate over Ndau's historico-linguistic status particularly in the wake of its recent constitutional recognition as an official language gives rise to the following questions: How does self-ascription work among the Ndau, especially in relation to Shona? How does a sense of 'Ndauness' develop among its speakers? How sustainable and justifiable is Ndau people's belief in a separate identity? In that regard, this article makes a close, critical and dispassionate analysis of the underlying politics behind the crafting and maintenance of a separate Ndau identity in Zimbabwe. It advances that identity consciousness among the Ndau predates colonialism when a sense of 'Ndauness' was initially forged. Despite the presence of oppressive linguistic, political and administrative instruments that were meant to assimilate Ndau into Shona during the colonial and postcolonial epochs, the Ndaus succeeded in drawing from their culture, kinship and family ties, traditions and language to project and solidify a powerful and distinct identity unlike other linguistic groups in Zimbabwe.
This article critically evaluates the ChiNdau-English and English-ChiNdau Vocabulary: With Grammatical Notes, a bilingual dictionary published in 1915 by the American Board Mission (Rhodesian ...Branch), with a view of determining its suitability for use as a point of departure for modern Ndau lexicography. More than a century after its publication, it remains the only dictionary in the language. The language has been treated as a dialect of Shona for close to a century, until its emergence as one of the country's sixteen officially-recognized languages in the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe. This landmark development requires practical work that can transform Ndau into a fully-fledged and intellectualized language. Lexicography is one of the key intellectual enterprises that can contribute in this regard. It is therefore the contention of this article that the existing dictionary be considered as a vital point of reference for future lexicographic work in Ndau. An analysis of various aspects of the dictionary indicate that, notwithstanding some limitations, this dictionary indeed managed to set some standards that may be incorporated in current and future lexicographic works in this less documented language. Keywords: DICTIONARIES, MISSIONARY LEXICOGRAPHY, CHINDAU, CHINDAU VOCABULARY, NDAU, NDAU LEXICOGRAPHY, NDAU ORTHOGRAPHY, LANGUAGE INTELLECTUALIZATION, MARGINALIZED LANGUAGES, OFFICIALLY-RECOGNIZED LANGUAGES, ZIMBABWEAN LEXICOGRAPHY In hierdie artikel word die ChiNdau--English and English-ChiNdau Vocabulary: With Grammatical Notes, 'n tweetalige woordeboek wat in 1915 deur die American Board Mission se Rhodesiese tak gepubliseer is, krities beoordeel ten einde die toepaslikheid daarvan vir gebruik as 'n vertrekpunt vir die moderne Ndau-leksikografie te bepaal. Meer as 'n eeu na die publikasie daarvan is dit steeds die enigste woordeboek in die taal. Die taal is vir ongeveer 'n honderd jaar behandel as 'n dialek van Shona totdat dit in 2013 in die Grondwet van Zimbabwe as een van die land se sestien amptelik erkende tale verklaar is. Hierdie belangrike gebeurtenis vereis praktiese werk ten einde Ndau in 'n volledige en geintellektualiseerde taal te omskep. Leksikografie is een van die deurslaggewende intellektuele ondernemings wat hiertoe kan bydra. Dit is dus die betoog van hierdie artikel dat die bestaande woordeboek beskou word as 'n onmisbare uitgangspunt vir toekomstige leksikografiese werk in Ndau. 'n Ontleding van verskeie aspekte van die woordeboek toon dat hierdie woordeboek ten spyte van sommige beperkings inderdaad daarin geslaag het om sekere standaarde te stel wat in huidige en toekomstige leksikografiese werke in hierdie minder gedokumenteerde taal ingesluit kan word. Sleutelwoorde: WOORDEBOEKE, SENDINGLEKSIKOGRAFIE, CHINDAU, CHINDAU-WOORDESKAT, NDAU, NDAU-LEKSIKOGRAFIE, NDAU-ORTOGRAFIE, TAALINTELLEK-TUALISERING, GEMARGINALISEERDE TALE, AMPTELIK ERKENDE TALE, ZIMBABWIESE LEKSIKOGRAFIE
Due to the increasing population, there is a demand for new technologies that require nanotechnology. As a result, rapid increase in congestion will be experienced in the transport layer protocol. ...The transport layer protocol serves as a vehicle to transmit data from one layer to the next. Nanotechnology uses extremely small components in the region of 1×10-9 or smaller. Moreover, with the new viruses or pandemics already detected like Ibola, Coronavirus, Monkeypox, etc. new technologies that will transmit data from the body of a patient to healthcare practitioners will be required and during this period, there will be a large amount of data transferred from one device to the other, and this will increase congestion in the network. The usage of social media, i.e., WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, etc., has also increased significantly, contributing to congestion in the wireless network. The use of wires to connect two or more devices is becoming obsolete as the world is moving towards the next industrial revolution. One of the Modelers that are used in wireless systems in local area networks is known as Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) 14.5. This simulation method is used in this paper to conclude. This paper also suggests further research that needs to be undertaken.
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