To determine which species of Culicoides biting midges carry Schmallenberg virus (SBV), we assayed midges collected in the Netherlands during autumn 2011. SBV RNA was found in C. scoticus, C. ...obsoletus sensu stricto, and C. chiopterus. The high proportion of infected midges might explain the rapid spread of SBV throughout Europe.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Streptococcus equi spp. equi (S. equi), the cause of strangles in horses, is considered a highly contagious pathogen affecting equines and the equine industry worldwide. Fundamental ...epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks, such as the basic reproduction number (R0), are not well described.
Objectives
Estimate R0 for S. equi in equine populations from outbreak data.
Study design
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of published and unpublished data.
Methods
A literature search for outbreak reports was carried out. Depending on data available in the reports, the early epidemic growth rate or final attack rate (AR) approach was used to estimate the basic reproduction number for that outbreak. Other recorded outbreak characteristics were the type of housing (group vs. individual). An overall estimate for R0 was computed by meta‐analysis.
Results
Data from eight outbreaks were extracted from peer‐reviewed publications. Data from two additional, non‐published outbreaks was also included in the meta‐analysis. A conservative estimate for R0 was 2.2 (95% confidence interval CI 1.9–2.5). A less conservative estimate, including outbreaks with a 100% AR for which a lower limit R0 was estimated, was 2.7 (95% CI 2.1–3.3).
Main limitations
Few papers describing longitudinal incidence data were found so most estimates were based on the outbreaks' final size. Several outbreaks had a 100% attack rate and could therefore only be included as a lower limit estimate in the meta‐analysis. The reported result therefore may be an underestimation.
Conclusions
This estimate for R0 for S. equi informs parameters for future mathematical modelling, quantifies desired preventive vaccine coverage and helps evaluate the effect of prevention strategies through future modelling studies.
Background
In equine atopic patients intradermal testing (IDT) and immunoglobulin (Ig)E serology are used frequently. There is little evidence regarding the reproducibility of the IDT and IgE ...serology in horses.
Objectives
To compare the results of a simultaneously performed IDT on the left and right side of the neck in atopic horses, and to compare these results with allergen‐specific IgE serology.
Animals
Ten equine patients from a university hospital population with chronic urticaria and/or pruritus.
Methods and materials
The IDT was performed using 16 allergens and the results were evaluated after 30 min, 1, 4 and 24 h. Thirteen allergens also were analysed in duplicate with two monoclonal allergen‐specific IgE enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).
Results
Good agreement (Kappa > 0.6) between left and right IDT was found only for Dermatophagoides farinae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, birch pollen mixture and perennial rye at 30 min, birch pollen mixture at 1 h, and Acarus siro and nettle and common mugwort mixture at 4 h. The bilateral comparison of the other allergens and even the same allergens at other time points showed little or no concordance between left and right IDT. The interlaboratory comparison between both ELISAs, and the comparison between the ELISAs and IDT, showed a good agreement for two of 13 allergens: D. farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.
Conclusions and clinical importance
Based on these preliminary data, IDT and IgE serological test results should be interpreted with great care and further studies are needed to indicate the clinical relevance of these findings.
RésuméContexteChez les chevaux atopiques, les tests intradermiques (IDR) et la sérologie immunoglobuline (Ig)E sont souvent utilisés. Il y a peu de preuve concernant la reproductibilité des IDT et de la sérologie IgE chez le cheval.ObjectifsComparer les résultats d’IDR réalisés simultanément sur les faces droite et gauche du cou de chevaux atopiques et comparer ces résultats avec une sérologie IgE spécifique d’allergènes.SujetsDix chevaux d’un hôpital universitaire avec urticaire chronique et/ou prurit.Matériels et méthodesLes IDR ont été réalisés avec 16 allergènes et les résultats ont été évalués après 30 min, 1, 4 et 24h. Treize allergènes ont aussi été analysés en duplicata avec deux tests ELISA IgE monoclonaux spécifiques d’allergènes.RésultatsUne bonne concordance (Kappa > 0.6) entre les IDR droit et gauche a été trouvée pour Dermatophagoides farinae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, le pollen de bouleau et le seigle vivace à 30 min, le mélange de pollen de bouleau à 1h, et Acarus siro, l’ortie et l’armoise à 4 h. La comparaison bilatérale des autres allergènes et aussi, des mêmes allergènes à d’autres moments ont montré peu ou pas de concordance entre les IDR droit et gauche. La comparaison inter laboratoire entre les deux tests ELISA et la comparaison entre les ELISA et les IDR, a montré une bonne concordance pour deux des 13 allergènes : D. farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.Conclusions et importance cliniqueA partir de ces données préliminaires, les IDR et les tests sérologiques d’IgE devraient être interprétés avec précaution et des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour indiquer la signification clinique de ces données.
ResumenIntroducciónen pacientes atópicos equinos, las pruebas intradérmicas (IDT) y la serología de inmunoglobulina (Ig) E se usan con frecuencia. Hay poca evidencia con respecto a la reproducibilidad de IDT y serología de IgE en caballos.Objetivoscomparar los resultados de una IDT realizada simultáneamente en el lado izquierdo y derecho del cuello en caballos atópicos, y comparar estos resultados con la serología de IgE específica para alérgenos.Animalesdiez pacientes equinos de una población de un hospital universitario con urticaria crónica y/o prurito.Métodos y materialesla IDT se realizó con 16 alérgenos y los resultados se evaluaron después de 30 min, 1, 4 y 24 h. También se analizaron trece alérgenos por duplicado en pruebas con dos anticuerpos monoclonales para IgE específicos de alergeno inmunoabsorbidos y ligados a enzima (ELISA).Resultadosse observó buena concordancia (Kappa> 0,6) entre IDT izquierda y derecha solo para Dermatophagoides farinae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, mezcla de polen de abedul y centeno perenne a los 30 min, mezcla de polen de abedul a 1 h, y Acarus siro y mezcla de ortiga y ajenjo común a las 4 h. La comparación bilateral de los otros alérgenos e incluso de los mismos alérgenos en otros puntos temporales mostró poca o ninguna concordancia entre la IDT izquierda y derecha. La comparación entre laboratorios entre ambos ELISA, y la comparación entre los ELISA y la IDT, mostró una buena correlación para dos de los 13 alérgenos: D. farinae y Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.Conclusiones e importancia clínicaen base a estos datos preliminares, los resultados de las pruebas serológicas IDT e IgE deben interpretarse con gran cuidado y se necesitan más estudios para indicar la relevancia clínica de estos hallazgos.
ZusammenfassungHintergrundBei Pferdepatienten mit Atopie wird häufig der Intradermaltest (IDT) und die Immunglobulin (Ig) E Serologie eingesetzt. Es gibt nur wenig Evidenz in Bezug auf die Reproduzierbarkeit des IDT und der IgE Serologie bei Pferden.ZieleEin Vergleich der Ergebnisse simultan durchgeführter IDTs an der linken und an der rechten Seite des Nackens von atopischen Pferden, sowie ein Vergleich dieser Ergebnisse mit der Allergen‐spezifischen IgE Serologie.TiereEs wurden 10 Pferde der Population einer Universitätsklinik mit chronischen Urtikaria und/oder Pruritus verwendet.Methoden und MaterialienDer IDT wurde unter Verwendung von 16 Allergenen durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse nach 30 Minuten, 1, 4 und 24h evaluiert. Dreizehn Allergene wurden im Duplikat mit zwei monoklonalen Allergen‐spezifischen IgE mittels Enzyme‐linked‐immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) analysiert.ErgebnisseEs wurde nur eine gute Übereinstimmung (Kappa > 0,6) zwischen linkem und rechtem IDT bei Dermatophagoides farinae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Birkenpollenmix und ganzjährigem Roggen nach 30 Minuten, Birkenpollenmix nach 1 h und Acarus siro und Nesseln sowie Gemeinem Beifuß Mix nach 4 h gefunden. Der bilaterale Vergleich der anderen Allergene und selbst dieselben Allergene zu anderen Zeitpunkten zeigten geringe oder keine Übereinstimmung zwischen linkem und rechtem IDT. Der Inter‐Labor Vergleich zwischen den ELISAs und dem IDT zeigte eine gute Übereinstimmung für zwei der 3 Allergene: D. farinae und Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.Schlussfolgerungen und klinische BedeutungDie Ergebnisse des IDT und der IgE Serologie sollten, basierend auf diesen vorläufigen Daten, mit großer Sorgfalt interpretiert werden und es sind weitere Studien nötig, um die klinische Relevanz dieser Ergebnisse zu zeigen.
要約背景アトピー馬では皮内検査（IDT）および免疫グロブリン（Ig）E血清学が頻繁に使用される。馬におけるIDTおよびIgE血清学の再現性に関する証拠はほとんどない。目的本研究の目的は、アトピー馬の首の左右で同時に行われたIDT結果を比較し、これらの結果をアレルゲン特異的IgE血清学と比較することであった。被験動物慢性蕁麻疹および/または瘙痒症を有する大学病院の10頭の馬。材料と方法IDTは16のアレルゲンを使用して実行され、結果は30分、1、4、24時間後に評価された。 13種類のアレルゲンも、2つのモノクローナルアレルゲン特異的IgE酵素免疫測定法（ELISA）によって2重に解析した。結果左右IDT間の良好な一致（カッパ> 0.6）は、30分後のDermatophagoides farinae、Lepidoglyphus destructor、シラカバ花粉混合物および多年生ライ麦で、1時間後のシラカバ花粉混合物、そして4時間後のアシブトコナダニ、イラクサおよびヨモギ混合物でのみ認められた。他のアレルゲンと他の時点での同じアレルゲンの両側間比較では、左右のIDT間にほとんどまたはまったく一致が見られなかった。両ELISA間の実験室間比較、そしてELISAおよびIDT間の比較は、13種類のアレルゲンのうち2つ（D. farinaeおよびDermatophagoides pteronyssinus）について良好な一致を示した。結論と臨床的重要性これらの予備データに基づいて、IDTおよびIgE血清学的検査結果は細心の注意を払って解釈されるべきであり、これらの発見の臨床的関連性を示すためにさらなる研究が必要である。
摘要背景皮内试验(IDT)和免疫球蛋白 (Ig)E血清学试验经常用于异位性患马。关于马的IDT和IgE血清学试验结果重复性的证据很少。目的比较同时对异位性患马颈部左侧和右侧进行IDT的结果，并将这些结果与过敏原特异性IgE血清学试验进行比较。动物来自大学医院的10例患有慢性荨麻疹和/或瘙痒的马。方法和材料使用16种过敏原进行IDT，并在30min、1、4和24h后评价结果。还使用两种单克隆过敏原特异性IgE酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)对13种过敏原进行重复性分析。结果左右IDT一致性良好(Kappa>0.6)仅见于30min的粉尘螨、鳞翅目昆虫、桦树花粉混合物和多年生黑麦，1h的桦树花粉混合物，4h的粗脚粉螨和荨麻以及普通艾蒿混合物，其他过敏原甚至相同过敏原在其他时间点的双侧比较显示左右IDT之间几乎不一致。两种ELISA的实验室间比较，以及ELISA与IDT之间的比较，显示在13种过敏原中的2种：粉尘螨和屋尘螨有很好的一致性。结论和临床重要性基于这些初步数据，应谨慎判断IDT和IgE血清学检测结果，需要进一步研究来表明这些结果的临床相关性。
ResumoContextoEm pacientes equinos atópicos, os testes intradérmico (IDT) e sorológico (pesquisa de IgE) são utilizados com frequência. Há poucas evidências sobre a concordância do IDT e da sorologia em cavalos.ObjetivosComparar os resultados de IDT realizado simultaneamente no lado esquerdo e direito do pescoço em cavalos atópicos e comparar esses resultados com a sorologia para IgE alérgenos‐específica.AnimaisDez pacientes equinos oriundos da população de um hospital universitário apresentando urticária crônica e/ou prurido.Métodos e materiaisO IDT foi realizado utilizando 16 alérgenos e os resultados foram avaliados após 30 min, 1, 4 e 24 h. Treze alérgenos foram também analisados em duplicata por dois ensaios de imunoenzimáticos com anticorpos IgE alérgenos‐específicas monoclonais (ELISA).ResultadosObservou‐se boa concordância (Kappa> 0,6) entre IDT esquerda e direita apenas para Dermatophagoides farinae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, mix de pólen de bétula e centeio perene aos 30 min, mix de pólen de bétula à 1 h, e Acarus siro e urtiga e mix de artemísia às 4 h. A comparação bilateral dos outros alérgenos e até dos mesmos alérgenos em outros tempos experimentais mostrou pouca ou nenhuma concordância entre o IDT esquerdo e direito. A comparação interlaboratorial entre os dois ELISA, e a comparação entre os ELISA e o IDT, mostrou uma boa concordância para dois dos 13 alérgenos: D. farinae e Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.Conclusões e importância clínicaCom base nesses dados preliminares, os resultados dos testes sorológico e IDT devem ser interpretados com muito cuidado e são necessários mais estudos para indicar a relevância clínica desses achados.
Background – In equine atopic patients intradermal testing (IDT) and immunoglobulin (Ig)E serology are used frequently. There is little evidence regarding the reproducibility of the IDT and IgE serology in horses. Objectives – To compare the results of a simultaneo
Several studies have described the faecal microbiota of horses and the factors that influence its composition, but the variation in results is substantial. This study aimed to investigate the ...microbiota composition in healthy equids in The Netherlands under standard housing and management conditions and to evaluate the effect of age, gender, horse type, diet, pasture access, the season of sampling and location on it. Spontaneously produced faecal samples were collected from the stall floor of 79 healthy horses and ponies at two farms. The validity of this sampling technique was evaluated in a small pilot study including five ponies showing that the microbiota composition of faecal samples collected up to 6 h after spontaneous defaecation was similar to that of the samples collected rectally. After DNA extraction, Illumina Miseq 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to determine microbiota composition. The effect of host and environmental factors on microbiota composition were determined using several techniques (NMDS, PERMANOVA, DESeq2). Bacteroidetes was the largest phylum found in the faecal microbiota (50.1%), followed by Firmicutes (28.4%). Alpha-diversity and richness decreased significantly with increasing age. Location, age, season, horse type and pasture access had a significant effect on beta-diversity. The current study provides important baseline information on variation in faecal microbiota in healthy horses and ponies under standard housing and management conditions. These results indicate that faecal microbiota composition is affected by several horse-related and environment-related factors, and these factors should be considered in future studies of the equine faecal microbiota.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Regular exercise testing in Warmblood sport horses may, as in racing, potentially help to characterise fitness indices in different disciplines and at various competition levels and assist in ...understanding when a horse is ‘fit to compete’. In this review an overview is given of the current state of the art of exercise testing in the Olympic disciplines of eventing, show jumping and dressage, and areas for further development are defined.
In event horses, a simple four-step incremental exercise test measuring heart rate (HR), lactate concentration (LA) and velocity (V) is most often used. In dressage and riding horses, a wide variety of exercise tests have been developed, including incremental exercise tests, indoor riding tests and lunging tests. In show jumping, the use of a five-step incremental exercise test and exercise tests evaluating technical skills and fatigue of the horse has been reported. The velocity at a plasma LA of 4 mmol/L (VLA4) and HR recovery during submaximal exercise intensity have been shown to be the best parameters in event horses for predicting performance and impending injuries. In riding horses, the fitness level of horses is also an important determinant of injuries. Implementation of regular exercise testing and monitoring of training sessions may have important added value in the assessment of performance ability and potential future injuries in Warmblood sport horses. However, there is an urgent need to standardise methodologies and outcome parameters in order to make results comparable.
In tropical and subtropical climates, infection of periocular tissue by Habronema larvae is a recognised cause of conjunctivitis or blepharitis. To the authors’ knowledge, only a few cases of ...habronemiasis have been described in Western Europe, and it has not been documented previously in the Netherlands. The objective of this report is to describe the occurrence of five cases of (peri)ocular habronemiasis in the Netherlands, of which four date from the past few years. The diagnosis was based on the history, clinical signs and histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens. A granulomatous conjunctivitis/dermatitis and sulphur-like granules were present in all cases. Histopathology showed an eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation, and three out of five (60 per cent) samples revealed one or more nematodes on section. Treatment combinations with surgical excision, local corticosteroid and/or anthelmintic drugs were used. Furthermore, all horses received ivermectin or moxidectin. Treatment resulted in healing of the lesions in four horses. One case, which was refractory to treatment, resolved spontaneously after the onset of colder weather. This case series suggests an increased prevalence of (peri)ocular habronemiasis in the Netherlands. This diagnosis should therefore be considered when being presented with a horse with granulomatous conjunctivitis/dermatitis in Western Europe, especially during the summer months.
Background
Donkeys are important throughout the world as work animals and occasionally as pets or a meat source. Most descriptions of skin disease in donkeys are reported in small case series, ...textbooks or review articles.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To document skin diseases and their prevalence in donkeys and to investigate predilections for the most common conditions.
Animals
Case populations at four veterinary schools totalling 156 donkeys.
Methods and materials
A retrospective study was performed by searching computerized medical records, using the key word “donkey”, at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis (UCD). Records of donkeys from the veterinary schools in Nantes, France; Utrecht, Netherlands and Ghent, Belgium were searched in a similar manner. The time periods included in the searches varied by institution.
Results
At UCD, 83 of 346 (24%) of donkeys had skin disease noted in their records. The most common diagnoses were insect bite hypersensitivity, sarcoid and habronemiasis. At Nantes, 36 of 144 (25%) had skin disease and the most common diagnoses were sarcoid and superficial pyoderma. At Utrecht 23 of 143 (16%) had skin disease and the most common diagnosis was dermatophytosis. At Ghent, 14 of 320 (4%) had skin disease and the most common diagnosis was sarcoid.
Conclusions and clinical importance
Cutaneous conditions in donkeys are common. Age, sex and breed predisposition and the most common diagnoses varied with geographical location. Clinicians should include a dermatological examination regardless of the reason for presentation.
Résumé
Contexte
Les singes sont nombreux à travers le monde en tant qu'animal de travail et occasionnellement comme animal de compagnie ou comme source de nourriture. La plupart des descriptions des dermatoses du singe est rapportée dans de petites séries de cas, livres ou articles de revue.
Hypothèses/Objectifs
Documenter les dermatoses et leur prévalence chez le singe et d’étudier les prédilections pour les atteintes les plus fréquentes.
Sujets
Les populations de cas de quatre écoles vétérinaires totalisant 156 singes.
Matériel et méthode
Une étude rétrospective a été réalisée par recherche sur données numérisées à l'aide du mot clé « singe » à l’école vétérinaire, Université de Californie, Davis (UCD). Les données des singes de l’école vétérinaire de Nantes, France; Utrecht, Pays Bas et Ghent, Belgique ont été recherché de la même manière. Les périodes d'inclusion variaient selon les écoles.
Résultats
A UCD, 83 des 346 (24%) des singes avaient une dermatose notée dans leurs données. Le diagnostic le plus fréquent était l'hypersensibilité aux piqures d'insectes, sarcoïde et habronémose. A Nantes, 36 des 144 (25%) présentaient une dermatose et les diagnostics les plus fréquents étaient sarcoïde et pyodermite superficielle. A Utrecht 23 des 143 (16%) avaient une dermatose et le diagnostic le plus fréquent était la dermatophytose. A Ghent, 14 des 320 (4%) avaient une dermatose et le diagnostic le plus fréquent était le sarcoïde.
Conclusions et importance clinique
Les dermatoses sont fréquentes chez le singe. L’âge, le genre, la race et le diagnostic le plus fréquent varient avec la position géographique. Les cliniciens doivent inclure un examen dermatologique quelquesoit le motif de consultation.
RESUMEN
Introducción
los burros son importantes en todo el mundo como animales de trabajo y, en ocasiones, como animales de compañía o como fuente de carne. La mayoría de las descripciones de enfermedades de la piel en burros se describen en series de casos pequeños, libros de texto o artículos de revisión.
Hipótesis/objetivos
documentar enfermedades de la piel y su prevalencia en burros e investigar la predisposición a las enfermedades más comunes.
Animales
casos recopilados de cuatro escuelas veterinarias sumando un total de 156 burros.
Métodos y materiales
se realizó un estudio retrospectivo mediante la búsqueda de historiales clínicos en la base de datos, utilizando la palabra clave “burro”, en la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad de California, Davis (UCD). Los historiales de burros de las escuelas de veterinaria de Nantes, Francia; Utrecht, Países Bajos y Gante, Bélgica se recopilaron de manera similar. Los periodos de tiempo incluidos en las búsquedas variaron según la institución.
Resultados
en la UCD, 83 de 346 (24%) de los burros admitidos tuvieron una enfermedad de la piel en su historial. Los diagnósticos más comunes fueron hipersensibilidad a la picadura de insecto, sarcoides y habronemiasis. En Nantes, 36 de 144 (25%) tuvieron una enfermedad de la piel y los diagnósticos más comunes fueron sarcoides y pioderma superficial. En Utrecht, 23 de 143 (16%) tuvieron una enfermedad de la piel y el diagnóstico más común fue la dermatofitosis. En Gante, 14 de 320 (4%) tuvieron una enfermedad de la piel y el diagnóstico más común fue sarcoides.
Conclusiones e importancia clínica
Las enfermedades cutáneas en burros son comunes. La edad, el sexo, la predisposición de la raza y los diagnósticos más comunes variaron según la ubicación geográfica. Los veterinarios deben incluir un examen dermatológico de estos pacientes independientemente de la razón de la presentación.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Esel sind auf der ganzen Welt wichtig als Arbeitstiere und gelegentlich als Haustiere oder als Fleischquelle. Die meisten Beschreibungen von Hauterkrankungen bei Eseln erschienen in kleinen Fallserien, in Textbüchern oder in Review Artikeln.
Hypothese/Ziele
Das Ziel dieser Studie war es die Hauterkrankungen und ihre Prävalenzen bei Eseln zu dokumentieren und die Prädilektionen für die häufigsten Zustände zu untersuchen.
Tiere
Es wurden Fallpopulationen aus vier Tierärztlichen Hochschulen verwendet, insgesamt waren es 156 Esel.
Methoden und Materialien
Eine retrospektive Studie wurde durchgeführt, indem computerisierte medizinische Daten an der School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis (UCD) unter Verwendung des Wortes „Esel” durchsucht wurden. Die Krankenakten der Esel in den Veterinärschulen in Nantes, Frankreich; Utrecht, Holland und Ghent, Belgien wurden in einer ähnlichen Weise durchforstet. Die Zeitphasen, die durchsucht wurden, variierten zwischen den Institutionen.
Ergebnisse
In der UCD hatten 83 von 346 (24%) der Esel eine Hauterkrankung, die in der Krankengeschichte festgehalte wurde. Die häufigsten Diagnosen waren die Insektenstich Hypersensibilität, das Sarkoid und die Habronematose. In Nantes zeigten 36 von 144 (25%) eine Hauterkrankung und die häufigste Diagnose waren das Sarkoid und die superfizielle Pyodermie. In Utrecht zeigten 23 von 143 (16%) eine Hauterkrankung und die häufigste Diagnose war die Dermatophytose. In Ghent zeigten 14 von 320 (4%) eine Hauterkrankung und die häufigste Diagnose war das Sarkoid.
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung
Die Hauterkrankungen bei Eseln treten häufig auf. Alter, Geschlecht und Rassenprädisposition sowie die häufigsten Diagnosen variierten mit der geographischen Lage. KlinikerInnen sollten eine dermatologische Untersuchung inkludieren egal warum der Esel vorgestellt wird.
摘要
背景
驴在世界各地都是重要的实验动物,偶尔也作为宠物或肉类来源。驴皮肤病的报告多见于个案系列、教科书或综述文章。
假设/目标
记录驴皮肤病及其流行情况,并调查最常见的易感疾病。
动物
四所兽医学校治疗的156头驴病例。
方法和材料
使用关键词”驴”搜索计算机,对在加州大学戴维斯分校(UCD)兽医学院的病历进行回顾性研究。同时对来自法国南特兽医学院、荷兰乌得勒支和比利时根特记录的驴也以类似方式进行了搜查,搜索中包含的时间段因机构而异。
结果
在UCD的记录中,346头(24%)驴中有83头患有皮肤病,最常见的诊断是昆虫叮咬、过敏、肉样瘤和丽线虫病;在南特的记录中,144头中有36头(25%)患有皮肤病,最常见的诊断是肉样瘤和浅表性脓皮病;在乌得勒支,有143头驴(16%)患有皮肤病,最常见的诊断是皮肤癣菌;在根特,320头中有14头(4%)患有皮肤病,最常见的诊断是肉样瘤。
结论和临床意义
驴皮肤病很常见。年龄、性别和品种易感性,以及最常见的诊断,因地理位置而异。无论因何种原因就诊,临床医生都应该检查皮肤
要約
背景
ロバは仕事用動物として、そして時にはペットや肉の供給源として世界中において重要な動物である。ロバの皮膚病のほとんどの記述は小規模なケースシリーズ、教科書または総説で報告されている。
仮説/目的
本研究の目的は、ロバにおける皮膚疾患とその罹患率を文書化し、最も一般的な症状に対する好発性を調査することである。
被験動物
ロバを飼育している4つの獣医学校での症例数合計156頭。
材料と方法
カリフォルニア大学デイビス校(UCD)の獣医学部で、キーワード「ロバ」を使用して、コンピュータ化された医療記録を検索することによって遡及研究を行った。フランスのナント、オランダのユトレヒトおよびベルギーのゲントにある獣医学校においても同様にロバの記録を検索した。検索に含まれる期間は施設によって異なった。
結果
UCDにおいて、346頭中83頭(24%)のロバが皮膚病に罹患していると記録されていた。最も一般的な診断は、虫刺されによる過敏症、サルコイドおよびハブロネミア症であった。ナントでは、144頭中36頭(25%)が皮膚疾患を有し、最も一般的な診断はサルコイドおよび表在性膿皮症であった。ユトレヒトでは143頭中23頭(16%)が皮膚疾患を有し、最も一般的な診断は皮膚糸状菌症であった。ゲントでは、320頭中14頭(4%)が皮膚疾患を患っており、最も一般的な診断はサルコイドであった。
結論と臨床的重要性
ロバの皮膚症状は一般的である。年齢、性別、品種の素因および最も一般的な診断は地理的な場所によって異なった。臨床医は、来院理由にかかわらず、皮膚科検査を含めるべきである。
Resumo
Contexto
Os jumentos são importantes ao redor do mundo como animais de trabalho e ocasionalmente como pets ou fonte de carne. A maioria das descrições de dermatopatias em jumentos são feitas em pequenas séries de casos, livros ou artigos de revisão.
Hipótese/Objetivos
Documentar as dermatopatias e sua prevalência em jumentos e investigar as predileções às enfermidades mais comuns.
Animais
Cento e cinquenta e seis jumentos atendidos em quatro escolas de veterinária.
Métodos e materiais
Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado a partir da busca em prontuários computadorizados utilizando a palavra‐chave “jumento”, na escola de Medicina Veterinária da University of California em Davis (UCD). Pesquisou‐se também de maneira similar dados de prontuários de jumentos das escolas de veterinária de Nantes, França; Utrecht, Holanda e Ghent na Bélgica. Os períodos incluídos nas buscas variaram de acordo com a instituição.
Resultados
Na UCD, 83 de 346 (24%) dos jumentos apresentaram dermatopatias registradas nos seus prontuários. Os diagnósticos mais comuns foram hipersensibilidade a picadas de insetos, sarcoide e habronemose. Em Nantes, 36 de 144 (25%) dos animais apresentavam doenças de pele e os diagnósticos mais comuns foram sarcoide e piodermite superficial. Em Utrecht, 23 de 143 (16%) tinham enfermidades cutâneas sendo a dermatofitose o diagnóstico mais comum. Já em Ghent, 14 de 320 (4%) apresentavam dermatopatias e a mais comum foi o sarcoide.
Conclusões e importância clínica
As enfermidades cutâneas são comuns em jumentos. Idade, sexo, predisposição racial e as doenças mais comuns variaram geograficamente. Os clínicos devem incluir a avaliação dermatológica no exame f
Hospitalisation and antimicrobial treatment are common in horses and significantly impact the intestinal microbiota. Antimicrobial treatment might also increase levels of resistant bacteria in ...faeces, which could spread to other ecological compartments, such as the environment, other animals and humans. In this study, we aimed to characterise the short- and long-term effects of transportation, hospitalisation and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMS) administration on the faecal microbiota and resistome of healthy equids.
In a longitudinal experimental study design, in which the ponies served as their own control, faecal samples were collected from six healthy Welsh ponies at the farm (D0-D13-1), immediately following transportation to the hospital (D13-2), during 7 days of hospitalisation without treatment (D14-D21), during 5 days of oral TMS treatment (D22-D26) and after discharge from the hospital up to 6 months later (D27-D211). After DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on all samples. For resistome analysis, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on selected samples.
Hospitalisation without antimicrobial treatment did not significantly affect microbiota composition. Oral TMS treatment reduced alpha-diversity significantly. Kiritimatiellaeota, Fibrobacteres and Verrucomicrobia significantly decreased in relative abundance, whereas Firmicutes increased. The faecal microbiota composition gradually recovered after discontinuation of TMS treatment and discharge from the hospital and, after 2 weeks, was more similar to pre-treatment composition than to composition during TMS treatment. Six months later, however, microbiota composition still differed significantly from that at the start of the study and Spirochaetes and Verrucomicrobia were less abundant. TMS administration led to a significant (up to 32-fold) and rapid increase in the relative abundance of resistance genes sul2, tetQ, ant6-1a, and aph(3")-lb. lnuC significantly decreased directly after treatment. Resistance genes sul2 (15-fold) and tetQ (six-fold) remained significantly increased 6 months later.
Oral treatment with TMS has a rapid and long-lasting effect on faecal microbiota composition and resistome, making the equine hindgut a reservoir and potential source of resistant bacteria posing a risk to animal and human health through transmission. These findings support the judicious use of antimicrobials to minimise long-term faecal presence, excretion and the spread of antimicrobial resistance in the environment. Video Abstract.
A good horse-rider ‘match’ is important in the context of equine welfare. To quantify the influence of repetition and horse-rider matching on the stress of horses encountering challenging objects, 16 ...Warmblood horses were ridden in a test-setting on three occasions. On each occasion the horse was ridden by a different rider and was challenged by three objects (A–C). Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) of horse and rider, and behaviour score (BS) of the horse were obtained for each object and as a total for each test. The horse-rider interaction was evaluated with each combination and assessed as ‘matching’ or ‘mismatching’, and the horses were categorised as ‘compliant’, ‘partly-compliant’ or ‘non-compliant’.
Horses exhibited a decreased HR (P=0.015) and a decreased BS (P=0.004) within and across different tests. ‘Matching’ horse-rider combinations exhibited less stress as indicated by reduced HR (‘match’ 69±10 vs. ‘mismatch’ 72±9, P=0.001) and BS (‘match’ 1.9±1.1 vs. ‘mismatch’ 3.8±1.4, P=0.017) of the horse. ‘Compliant’ (68±8, P<0.001) and ‘partly-compliant’ (71±9, P=0.002) horses had significantly lower HR than ‘non-compliant’ (75±9) animals. The findings of the study indicate that HR and BS measurements support a subjective ‘match’ diagnosis and HR measurement may be a valuable tool in assessing horse compliance.
•In elite eventing horses, spikes in acute workload are strongly correlated to the occurrence of injuries.•The ACWR-HS was associated with injuries, not the sprint speed distance; this is in contrast ...to what is often thought by riders and trainers.•Training regimes in sport horses can be examined in more depth since measures for external and internal workload are now better established.•Clinical practice in equine sport management should incorporate monitoring the acute:chronic workload ratios to reduce injury risks.•As in human athletes, this knowledge may help to reduce sport horse injuries and therefore can contribute to the improvement of equine welfare.
In human sport science, the acute:chronic workload (ACWR) ratio is used to monitor an athlete’s preparedness for competition and to assess injury risks. The aim of this study was to investigate whether acute and chronic workload calculations for external and internal loads (e.g. high-speed work distance and associated exertional effort) were associated with injury risk in elite eventing horses and to identify workloads performed by horses competing in different competition and at different fitness levels.
Training load and injury data were collected from 58 international eventing horses (CCI2*–CCI5* level) over 1–3 years. A total of 94 individual competition seasons were monitored. During this period, heart rate (HR; beat/min) and GPS data were collected of all their conditional training sessions and competitions. External load was determined as the distance (m) covered at high speed (HS11High speed = HS, velocity between 6.6 m/s and 9.5 m/s ; velocity between 6.6 and 9.5 m/s), and sprint speed (SS22Sprint speed = SS, velocity above 9.5 m/s ; velocity>9.5 m/s). Internal load was calculated for HS and SS, using individualized training impulses (TRIMP33Training impulses; TRIMP (represented in AU) ;AU). For internal and external workload HS and SS the acute (1-week) and chronic (4-week) workloads were calculated and ACWR44Acute:chronic workload ratio: ACWR determined. The injury data in relation to ACWR was modelled with a multilevel logistic regression. Akaike’s information criterion was used for model reduction.
Sixty-four soft tissue injuries were registered from a total of 2300 training sessions and competitions. External and internal workload at HS and SS were significantly affected by the year and fitness level of horses. Competition level and year significantly affected the distances covered at SS. The ACWR of high-speed distance of the present week (OR; 0.133, 95 % CI; 0.032, 0.484) and the previous week (OR 3.951, 95 % CI; 1.390, 12.498) were significantly associated with injury risk. Competition level and chronic workload had no significant effect on injuries.
In agreement with findings in human athletes, acute spikes of workload in eventing horses increased the risk of injury. Evaluation of horses’ workload can be used to design and effectively monitor training programs and can help to improve equine welfare by reducing injury risk.
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