The propensity to exhibit social behaviors during interactions with same-sex and opposite-sex conspecifics is modulated by various neurotransmitters, including dopamine. Dopamine is a conserved ...neurotransmitter among vertebrates and dopaminergic receptors are also highly conserved among taxa. Activation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes has been shown to modulate social behaviors, especially in mammalian and avian studies. However, the specific behavioral functions of these receptors vary across taxa. In reptiles there have been few studies examining the relationship between dopaminergic receptors and social behaviors. We therefore examined the effects of D1 and D2 agonists and antagonists on sexual and aggressive behaviors in the male green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Treatment with high doses of both D1 and D2 agonists was found to impair both sexual and aggressive behaviors. However, the D1 agonist treatment was also found to impair motor function, suggesting that those effects were likely nonspecific. Lower doses of both agonists and antagonists failed to affect social behaviors. These findings provide some evidence for D2 receptor regulation of social behaviors, but in contrast with previous research, these effects are all inhibitory and no effects were found for manipulations of D1 receptors. A potential reason for the lack of more widespread effects on social behaviors using moderate or low drug doses is that systemic injection of drugs resulted in effects throughout the whole brain, thus affecting counteracting circuits which negated one another, making measurable changes in behavioral output difficult to detect. Future studies should administer drugs directly into brain regions known to regulate sexual and aggressive behaviors.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary In this Review we delve into the underlying causes of health disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people and provide an Indigenous perspective to understanding these ...inequalities. We are able to present only a snapshot of the many research publications about Indigenous health. Our aim is to provide clinicians with a framework to better understand such matters. Applying this lens, placed in context for each patient, will promote more culturally appropriate ways to interact with, to assess, and to treat Indigenous peoples. The topics covered include Indigenous notions of health and identity; mental health and addictions; urbanisation and environmental stresses; whole health and healing; and reconciliation.
Most blood cancers are incurable and typically follow unpredictable remitting-relapsing pathways associated with varying need for treatment, which may be distressing for patients. Our objective was ...to conduct a qualitative study to explore understanding among patients with such malignancies, including the explanations given by HCPs and the impact of uncertain trajectories, to generate evidence that could guide improvements in clinical practice.
The study is set within a population-based patient cohort (the Haematological Malignancy Research Network), in which care is delivered across 14 hospitals according to national guidelines. In-depth interviews were conducted with 35 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma or myeloma; and 10 accompanying relatives. Purposive sampling ensured selection of information-rich participants and the data were interrogated using reflective thematic analysis.
Rich data were collected and four themes (11 sub-themes) were identified: 1) Knowledge and understanding of chronic haematological malignancies; 2) Incurable but treatable; 3) Uncertainty about the future; and 4) Treatable (but still incurable): Impact on patients. Patients had rarely heard of blood cancer and many expressed difficulty understanding how an incurable malignancy that could not be removed, was treatable, often for long periods. While some were reassured that their cancer did not pose an immediate survival threat, others were particularly traumatised by the uncertain future it entailed, suffering ongoing emotional distress as a result, which could be more burdensome than any physical symptoms. Nonetheless, most interviewees understood that uncertain pathways were caused by the unpredictability of their disease trajectory, and not information being withheld.
Many participants lacked knowledge about chronic haematological malignancies. HCPs acted to reassure patients about their diagnosis, and while this was appropriate and effective for some, it was less so for others, as the cancer-impact involved struggling to cope with ongoing uncertainty, distress and a shortened life-span.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Vessel loss precipitates many diseases. In particular, vessel loss resulting in hypoxia induces retinal neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy and in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), major ...causes of blindness. Here we define insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) as a new modulator of vascular survival and regrowth in oxygen-induced retinopathy. In IGFBP3-deficient mice, there was a dose-dependent increase in oxygen-induced retinal vessel loss. Subsequent to oxygen-induced retinal vessel loss, Igfbp3⁻/⁻ mice had a 31% decrease in retinal vessel regrowth versus controls after returning to room air. No difference in serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels was observed among groups. Wild-type mice treated with exogenous IGFBP3 had a significant increase in vessel regrowth. This correlated with a 30% increase in endothelial progenitor cells in the retina at postnatal day 15, indicating that IGFBP3 could be serving as a progenitor cell chemoattractant. In a prospective clinical study, we measured IGFBP3 (and IGF1) plasma levels weekly and examined retinas in all premature infants born at gestational ages <32 weeks at high risk for ROP. The mean level of IGFBP3 at 30-35 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) for infants with proliferative ROP (ROP stages 3>, n = 13) was 802 μg/liter, and for infants with no ROP (ROP stage 0, n = 38) the mean level was 974 μg/liter (P < 0.03). These results suggest that IGFBP3, acting independently of IGF1, helps to prevent oxygen-induced vessel loss and to promote vascular regrowth after vascular destruction in vivo in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in less retinal neovascularization.
There are thousands of refugee students in Canadian schools and many struggle with distress and trauma symptoms. Even those not demonstrating overt distress may face adjustment challenges. This paper ...describes the pilot of the Supporting Transition Resilience of Newcomer Groups (STRONG) program in ten schools. STRONG is a 10‐session, manualized program focused on building skills and helping students process their migration journey. This pilot used a pragmatic mixed‐methods approach to evaluate the feasibility of STRONG, with a focus on acceptability, implementation, and perceived utility of the intervention. Clinicians (n = 16) provided data at the training, throughout the intervention and at the end through clinician surveys and focus groups. Clinicians reported high levels of acceptability for the training and program. Implementation challenges included time constraints, external influences, and some challenges with language. Overall STRONG was seen to provide significant positive benefits for students in increasing connectedness, stress management, and coping strategies. Clinicians felt that students developed more positive self‐image and had improved optimism. This feasibility trial of the STRONG program indicated the potential utility for promoting resilience and reducing distress among refugee students through a structured, school‐based group intervention.
Based on the profile of genetic alterations occurring in tumor samples from selected diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients, 2 recent whole-exome sequencing studies proposed partially ...overlapping classification systems. Using clustering techniques applied to targeted sequencing data derived from a large unselected population-based patient cohort with full clinical follow-up (n = 928), we investigated whether molecular subtypes can be robustly identified using methods potentially applicable in routine clinical practice. DNA extracted from DLBCL tumors diagnosed in patients residing in a catchment population of ∼4 million (14 centers) were sequenced with a targeted 293-gene hematological-malignancy panel. Bernoulli mixture-model clustering was applied and the resulting subtypes analyzed in relation to their clinical characteristics and outcomes. Five molecular subtypes were resolved, termed MYD88, BCL2, SOCS1/SGK1, TET2/SGK1, and NOTCH2, along with an unclassified group. The subtypes characterized by genetic alterations of BCL2, NOTCH2, and MYD88 recapitulated recent studies showing good, intermediate, and poor prognosis, respectively. The SOCS1/SGK1 subtype showed biological overlap with primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and conferred excellent prognosis. Although not identified as a distinct cluster, NOTCH1 mutation was associated with poor prognosis. The impact of TP53 mutation varied with genomic subtypes, conferring no effect in the NOTCH2 subtype and poor prognosis in the MYD88 subtype. Our findings confirm the existence of molecular subtypes of DLBCL, providing evidence that genomic tests have prognostic significance in non-selected DLBCL patients. The identification of both good and poor risk subtypes in patients treated with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) clearly show the clinical value of the approach, confirming the need for a consensus classification.
•Robust subtypes of DLBCL are identified by model-based clustering of genetic mutations in a large (n = 928) population-based cohort.•With full follow-up data available for all sequenced patients, the prognostic significance of these subtypes is identified.
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Epidemiology of lymphomas Roman, Eve; Smith, Alexandra G
Histopathology,
January 2011, Letnik:
58, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Roman E & Smith A G (2011) Histopathology 58, 4–14 Epidemiology of lymphomas
Epidemiological reports on lymphomas often begin, and sometimes end, by stating that little is known about the causes of ...the condition(s) under study. This is slowly changing as information on the pathological diversity of subtypes accumulates. This review examines the epidemiology of lymphomas, focusing on the impact of the latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Use of appropriate disease classifications is critical to the research process, but many studies conducted in previous decades have been hampered by the need to aggregate data into the broad lymphoma groupings of Hodgkin and non‐Hodgkin, either because primary source information was recorded in that way, or because diagnostic standards were inconsistently applied. Population‐based data on age and gender are presented using the latest WHO classification, revealing considerable subtype heterogeneity. Aetiological factors highlighted include the unexplained male bias that is strikingly evident for many subtypes across all ages, and the relationship with autoimmune disease, which, although often associated with increased lymphoma risk, is generally more common in females. This is an exciting time for epidemiological research into haematological malignancies, where the application of modern disease classifications is beginning to discriminate between subtypes revealing features that future aetiological hypotheses should seek to address.
In the current paper, we first describe the rationale for and methodology employed by an international research consortium, the Moral Injury Outcome Scale (MIOS) Consortium, the aim of which is to ...develop and validate a content‐valid measure of moral injury as a multidimensional outcome. The MIOS Consortium comprises researchers and clinicians who work with active duty military service members and veterans in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia, and Canada. We describe the multiphase psychometric development process being conducted by the Consortium, which will gather phenomenological data from service members, veterans, and clinicians to operationalize subdomains of impact and to generate content for a new measure of moral injury. Second, to illustrate the methodology being employed by the Consortium in the first phase of measure development, we present a small subset of preliminary results from semistructured interviews and questionnaires conducted with care providers (N = 26) at three of the 10 study sites. The themes derived from these initial preliminary clinician interviews suggest that exposure to potentially morally injurious events is associated with broad psychological/behavioral, social, and spiritual/existential impacts. The early findings also suggest that the outcomes associated with acts of commission or omission and events involving others’ transgressions may overlap. These results will be combined with data derived from other clinicians, service members, and veterans to generate the MIOS.
Resumen
Spanish s by Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)
Definiendo y midiendo el daño moral: fundamentos, diseño y resultados preliminares de la escala consorcio de consecuencias del daño moral
DEFINIENDO Y MIDIENDO EL DAÑO MORAL
En el documento actual, describimos en primer lugar los fundamentos y la metodología empleados por un consorcio internacional de investigación, la Escala Consorcio de consecuencias del daño moral (MIOS en sus siglas en inglés), cuyo objetivo es desarrollar y validar una medida de daño moral con contenido válido y como consecuencias multidimensionales. El Consorcio MIOS está compuesto por investigadores y clínicos que trabajan con miembros del servicio militar activos y veteranos en los Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido, los Países Bajos, Australia y Canadá. Describimos el proceso de desarrollo psicométrico multifase que está llevando a cabo el Consorcio, que recopilará datos fenomenológicos de miembros del servicio, veteranos y clínicos para poner en práctica subdominios de impacto y generar contenido para una nueva medida de daño moral. En segundo lugar, para ilustrar la metodología empleada por el Consorcio en la primera fase de desarrollo de la medida, presentamos un pequeño subconjunto de resultados preliminares de entrevistas semiestructuradas y cuestionarios realizados con proveedores de atención (N = 26) en tres de los 10 sitios de estudio. Los temas derivados de estas primeras entrevistas clínicas preliminares sugieren que la exposición a eventos potencialmente dañinos moralmente está asociada con amplios impactos psicológicos / conductuales, sociales y espirituales / existenciales. Los primeros hallazgos también sugieren que los resultados asociados con actos de comisión u omisión y eventos que involucran las transgresiones de otros pueden superponerse. Estos resultados se combinarán con datos derivados de otros clínicos, miembros del servicio y veteranos para generar el MIOS.
抽象
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by the Asian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (AsianSTSS)
簡體及繁體中文撮要由亞洲創傷心理研究學會翻譯
Defining and Measuring Moral Injury: Rationale, Design, and Preliminary Findings from the Moral Injury Outcome Scale Consortium
Traditional Chinese
標題: 介定與測量道德創傷:從道德創傷量表組織所得的邏輯依據、設計、初期發現
撮要: 本文首先描述一個國際研究組織「道德創傷量表(Moral Injury Outcome Scale, (MIOS)) 組織」所採用的邏輯依據和方法學。道德創傷為多重面向導致的後果, 而該組織旨在為其發展出有效的測量法及驗證測量。MIOS組織由研究員及臨床治療師組成, 他們均為美國、英國、荷蘭、澳洲、加拿大的現役和退役軍人服務。我們描述組織進行的心理測量發展過程其多個階段, 透過那些階段將取得現役和退役軍人及臨床治療師的現象學數據, 繼而取得作為子範疇的影響數據, 為新的道德創傷測量法提供內容。然後, 為了示範組織在測量法發展的第一階段所採用的方法學, 我們透過於10個研究地點當中的3個地方, 與治療人士進行半結構性面談與問卷訪問(N = 26), 提供小型的子組別初步結果。初步的臨床面談得出的主題反映, 經歷潛在能導致道德創傷的事件跟廣泛的心理/行為、社會、精神/存在層面的影響有關。這些初期發現亦反映, 委托或不履行的行為可能會與涉及他人犯錯的事件重疊。這些結果未來將與從其他臨床治療師、現役及退役軍人所得的數據結合, 幫助發展MIOS。
Simplified Chinese
标题: 介定与测量道德创伤:从道德创伤量表组织所得的逻辑依据、设计、初期发现
撮要: 本文首先描述一个国际研究组织「道德创伤量表(Moral Injury Outcome Scale, (MIOS)) 组织」所采用的逻辑依据和方法学。道德创伤为多重面向导致的后果, 而该组织旨在为其发展出有效的测量法及验证测量。MIOS组织由研究员及临床治疗师组成, 他们均为美国、英国、荷兰、澳洲、加拿大的现役和退役军人服务。我们描述组织进行的心理测量发展过程其多个阶段, 透过那些阶段将取得现役和退役军人及临床治疗师的现象学数据, 继而取得作为子范畴的影响数据, 为新的道德创伤测量法提供内容。然后, 为了示范组织在测量法发展的第一阶段所采用的方法学, 我们透过于10个研究地点当中的3个地方, 与治疗人士进行半结构性面谈与问卷访问(N = 26), 提供小型的子组别初步结果。初步的临床面谈得出的主题反映, 经历潜在能导致道德创伤的事件跟广泛的心理/行为、社会、精神/存在层面的影响有关。这些初期发现亦反映, 委托或不履行的行为可能会与涉及他人犯错的事件重迭。这些结果未来将与从其他临床治疗师、现役及退役军人所得的数据结合, 帮助发展MIOS。
People remember an event as a coherent scene 1–4. Memory of such an episode is thought to reflect binding of a fully integrated representation, rather than memory of unconnected features 4–7. ...However, it is not known whether rodents form bound representations. Here we show that rats remember episodes as bound representations. Rats were presented with multiple features of unique episodes at memory encoding: what (food flavor), where (maze location), source (self-generated food seeking—running to the food site—or experimenter-generated food seeking—placement by the experimenter at the food site), and context (spatial cues in the room where the event occurred). After a delay, the trial continued with a memory assessment in which one flavor replenished at the self-generated—but not at experimenter-generated—locations. We presented rats with multiple overlapping features, in rapid succession, to ensure that successful memory retrieval required them to disambiguate multiple study episodes (using two rooms). We found that binding is resistant to interference from highly similar episodes and survives long retention intervals (∼1 week). Our results suggest that multiple episodic memories are each structured as bound representations, which suggests that nonhumans represent episodic memories using a structure similar to that of people. This finding enhances the translational potential for utilizing animal models of episodic memory to explore the biological mechanisms of memory and validate therapeutic approaches for treating disorders of memory.
•Multiple episodic memories are structured as bound representations in rats•Nonhumans represent episodic memories using a structure similar to that of people•Binding of episodic memory is evolutionarily quite old•Rats may be used to model fundamental aspects of human memory
Crystal and Smith show that rats remember earlier episodes as distinct (i.e., bound) events or scenes, rather than as unconnected features.
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