Background and aims Biochar can improve crop yields and nutrient uptake by altering soil properties and root growth. The goals of this study were to determine (1) how biochar alters soil NH₄-N ...availability and corn root development and (2) whether the biochar-induced changes in the plant-soil system coincide with increased nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency (FRE) when plants reach the reproductive stage. Methods Corn was grown in two soils amended (or not) with biochar, at five N fertilizer rates (ranging from 0 to 300 kg N ha⁻¹). Soil chemical properties, root and shoot biomass and shoot N uptake were measured at the V3 and R1 stages, roots traits at the V3 stage and FRE at the R1 stage. Results Biochar increased soil CEC and root growth at the V3 stage. Biochar increased soil available NH₄-N, CEC, root growth and root metabolic activity and N uptake at the R1 stage. Fertilizer recovery efficiency was increased in the presence of biochar when N fertilizer was applied at 75 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹. Conclusions Biochar stimulated early root development, allowing plants to take advantage of increased NH₄-N retention concentration in soil by biochar, thereby increasing FRE at the R1 stage at lower N fertilizer application rates.
Our objective was to determine the prevalence of insulin treatment in premature infants with hyperglycemia and evaluate the association of length of treatment with outcomes.
The study included ...cohort of 29,974 infants 22 to 32 weeks gestational age (GA) admitted to over 300 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from 1997 to 2018 and diagnosed with hyperglycemia.
Use of insulin significantly decreased during the study period (
= 0.002) among studied NICUs. The percentage of hyperglycemic infants exposed to insulin ranged from 0 to 81%. Infants who received insulin were more likely to have lower GA, birth weight, 5-minute Apgar score, longer duration of stay, and require mechanical ventilation. After adjustment for GA, infants requiring insulin for >14 days were more likely to have treated retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and develop chronic lung disease (CLD). Insulin treatment of 1 to 7 days had increased odds of death, death/ROP, and death/CLD compared with no exposure.
Insulin use decreased over time, and differing durations of use were associated with adverse outcomes.
· Insulin use decreased over time.. · There is a temporal relation between the duration of treatment and adverse outcomes.. · Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of insulin use..
Objective:Previous research has demonstrated that the amygdala is enlarged in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the precise onset of this enlargement during infancy, how it ...relates to later diagnostic behaviors, whether the timing of enlargement in infancy is specific to the amygdala, and whether it is specific to ASD (or present in other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as fragile X syndrome) are all unknown.Methods:Longitudinal MRIs were acquired at 6–24 months of age in 29 infants with fragile X syndrome, 58 infants at high likelihood for ASD who were later diagnosed with ASD, 212 high-likelihood infants not diagnosed with ASD, and 109 control infants (1,099 total scans).Results:Infants who developed ASD had typically sized amygdala volumes at 6 months, but exhibited significantly faster amygdala growth between 6 and 24 months, such that by 12 months the ASD group had significantly larger amygdala volume (Cohen’s d=0.56) compared with all other groups. Amygdala growth rate between 6 and 12 months was significantly associated with greater social deficits at 24 months when the infants were diagnosed with ASD. Infants with fragile X syndrome had a persistent and significantly enlarged caudate volume at all ages between 6 and 24 months (d=2.12), compared with all other groups, which was significantly associated with greater repetitive behaviors.Conclusions:This is the first MRI study comparing fragile X syndrome and ASD in infancy, demonstrating strikingly different patterns of brain and behavior development. Fragile X syndrome–related changes were present from 6 months of age, whereas ASD-related changes unfolded over the first 2 years of life, starting with no detectable group differences at 6 months. Increased amygdala growth rate between 6 and 12 months occurs prior to social deficits and well before diagnosis. This gradual onset of brain and behavior changes in ASD, but not fragile X syndrome, suggests an age- and disorder-specific pattern of cascading brain changes preceding autism diagnosis.
Adolescent disordered eating and obesity are interrelated and adversely relate to mental and metabolic health. Parental feeding practices have been associated with adolescent disordered eating and ...obesity. Yet, observable interactions related to food parenting have not been well characterized. To address this gap, N = 30 adolescents (M ± SD 14 ± 2 year) at risk for adult obesity due to above‐average body mass index (BMI ≥70th percentile) or parental obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) participated in a video‐recorded parent–adolescent task to discuss a food/eating‐related disagreement. Interactions were coded for individual/dyadic affect/content using the Interactional Dimensions Coding System. We examined associations of interaction qualities with parent‐reported food practices, adolescent disordered eating behaviors/attitudes, and insulin resistance. Reported parenting practices were correlated with multiple interaction qualities (p‐values <0.05), with the most consistent correspondence between parent‐reported pressure to eat (e.g., pressure to eat more healthy foods) and negative aspects of parent–adolescent interactions. Also, after accounting for adolescent age, sex, and BMI‐standard score, parent–adolescent interaction qualities were associated with adolescents' disordered eating and insulin resistance. Specifically, greater adolescent problem‐solving related to less adolescent global disordered eating, shape, and weight concern (p‐values <0.05); adolescent autonomy related to less weight concern (p = 0.03). Better parent communication skills were associated with less adolescent eating concern (p = 0.04), and observed dyadic mutuality related to adolescents' lower insulin resistance (p = 0.03). Parent–adolescent interaction qualities during food/eating‐related disagreements show associations with parent‐reported food practices and adolescent disordered eating. This method may offer a tool for measuring the qualities of parent–adolescent food/eating‐related interactions. A nuanced understanding of conversations about food/eating may inform family‐based intervention in youth at‐risk for adult obesity.
摘要
青少年饮食失调和肥胖是相互关联的，与心理和代谢健康有负相关的关系。父母抚养孩子过程中给与的饮食与青少年饮食失调和肥胖有关。然而，与食物养育相关的可观察到的相互作用尚未得到很好的描述。为了填补这个空白，N=30名因身体质量指数(BMI≥70百分位)或父母肥胖(BMI≥30kg/m2)而有成人肥胖风险的青少年(M±SD 14±2y)参加了一项录像亲子任务，讨论与食物/饮食有关的分歧。使用交互维度编码系统对个体/二元情感/内容进行交互编码。我们检查了互动质量与父母报告的饮食习惯、青少年紊乱的饮食行为/态度和胰岛素抵抗的关系。报告的育儿行为与多种互动质量相关(p值<0.05)，父母报告的饮食压力(例如，吃更多健康食品的压力)与父母‐青少年互动的消极方面之间的对应关系最为一致。此外，在考虑了青少年的年龄、性别和bmi标准评分后，父母与青少年的互动质量与青少年的饮食紊乱和胰岛素抵抗有关。具体来说，青少年解决问题的能力越强，青少年整体饮食失调、体型和体重担忧越少(p值<0.05); 青少年自主性与体重担忧较少相关(p = 0.03)。更好的父母沟通技巧与青少年较少的饮食关注相关(p = 0.04)，观察到的成对相互性与青少年较低的胰岛素抵抗相关(p = 0.03)。在与食物/饮食有关的分歧中，父母与青少年的互动质量与父母报告的饮食习惯和青少年饮食失调有关。这种方法可以提供一种工具来衡量父母和青少年与食物/饮食相关的互动的质量。对关于食物/饮食的对话的细致理解，可以为有成年肥胖风险的青少年提供以家庭为基础的干预。
To provide up-to-date medication prescribing patterns in US neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and to examine trends in prescribing patterns over time.
We performed a cohort study of 799 016 ...infants treated in NICUs managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group from 2010 to 2018. We used 3 different methods to report counts of medication: exposure, courses, and days of use. We defined the change in frequency of medication administration by absolute change and relative change. We examined the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) package insert for each medication to determine whether a medication was labeled for use in infants and used PubMed to search for pharmacokinetics (PK) studies.
The most frequently prescribed medications included ampicillin, gentamicin, caffeine citrate, poractant alfa, morphine, vancomycin, furosemide, fentanyl, midazolam, and acetaminophen. Of the top 50 medications used in infants with extremely low birth weight, only 20 (40%) are FDA-labeled for use in infants; of the 30 that are not labeled for use in infants, 13 (43%) had at least 2 published PK studies. The medications with the greatest relative increase in use from 2010 to 2018 included dexmedetomidine, clonidine, rocuronium, levetiracetam, atropine, and diazoxide. The medications with the greatest relative decrease in use included tromethamine acetate, pancuronium, chloral hydrate, imipenem + cilastatin, and amikacin.
Trends of medication use in the NICU change substantially over time. It is imperative to identify changes in medication use in the NICU to better inform further prospective studies.
To evaluate the association between furosemide exposure and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
This retrospective cohort study included infants (2004-2015) born at 23-29 weeks gestational age ...and 501-1249 g birth weight. We compared the demographic and clinical characteristics of infants exposed and not exposed to furosemide between postnatal day 7 and 36 weeks postmenstrual age. We examined the association between furosemide exposure and 2 outcomes: BPD and BPD or death. We performed multivariable probit regression models that included demographic and clinical variables in addition to 2 instrumental variables: furosemide exposure by discharge year, and furosemide exposure by site.
Of 37 693 included infants, 19 235 (51%) were exposed to furosemide; these infants were more premature and had higher respiratory support. Of 33 760 infants who survived to BPD evaluation, 15 954 (47%) had BPD. An increase in the proportion of furosemide exposure days by 10 percentage points was associated with a decrease in both the incidence of BPD (4.6 percentage points; P = .001), and BPD or death (3.7 percentage points; P = .01).
More days of furosemide exposure between postnatal day 7 and 36 weeks was associated with decreased risk of BPD and a combined outcome of BPD or death.
Late-onset sepsis (LOS) is an important cause of death and neurodevelopmental impairment in premature infants. The purpose of this study was to assess overall incidence of LOS, distribution of ...LOS-causative organisms and center variation in incidence of LOS for extremely premature infants over time.
In a retrospective analysis of infants 401-1000 g birth weight and 22-28 6/7 weeks of gestational age born at 12 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network centers in the years 2000-2005 (era 1) or 2006-2011 (era 2) who survived >72 hours, we compared the incidence of LOS and pathogen distribution in the 2 eras using the χ test. We also examined the effect of birth year on the incidence of LOS using multivariable regression to adjust for nonmodifiable risk factors and for center. To assess whether the incidence of LOS was different among centers in era 2, we used a multivariable regression model to adjust for nonmodifiable risk factors.
Ten-thousand one-hundred thirty-one infants were studied. LOS occurred in 2083 of 5031 (41%) infants in era 1 and 1728 of 5100 (34%) infants in era 2 (P < 0.001). Birth year was a significant predictor of LOS on adjusted analysis, with birth years 2000-2009 having a significantly higher odds of LOS than the reference year 2011. Pathogens did not differ, with the exception of decreased fungal infection (P < 0.001). In era 2, 9 centers had significantly higher odds of LOS compared with the center with the lowest incidence.
The incidence of LOS decreased over time. Further investigation is warranted to determine which interventions have the greatest impact on infection rates.
Changes to soil nutrient availability and increases for crop yield and soil organic C (SOC) concentration on biochar‐amended soil under temperate climate conditions have only been reported in a few ...publications. The objective of this work was to determine if biochar application rates up to 20 Mg ha−1 affect nutrient availability in soil, SOC stocks and yield of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) on two coarse‐textured soils (loamy sand, sandy clay loam) in S Quebec, Canada. Data were collected from field experiments for a 3‐y period following application of pine wood biochar at rates of 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha−1. For corn plots, at harvest 3 y after biochar application, 20 Mg biochar ha−1 resulted in 41.2% lower soil NH
$ _4^+ $ on the loamy sand; the same effect was not present on the sandy clay loam soil. On the loamy sand, 20 Mg biochar ha−1 increased corn yields by 14.2% compared to the control 3 y after application; the same effect was not present on the sandy clay loam soil. Biochar did not alter yield or nutrient availability in soil on soybean or switchgrass plots on either soil type. After 3 y, SOC concentration was 83 and 258% greater after 10 and 20 Mg ha−1 biochar applications, respectively, than the control in sandy clay loam soil under switchgrass production. The same effect was not present on the sandy clay loam soil. A 67% higher SOC concentration was noted with biochar application at 20 Mg ha−1 to sandy clay loam soil under corn.
To characterize the association between hyperbilirubinemia and a failed newborn hearing screen in infants born at 22-32 weeks of gestation.
We included infants with gestational ages of 22-32 weeks ...who were discharged from neonatal intensive care units in the US from 2002 to 2017 with available newborn hearing screen results obtained after 34 weeks postmenstrual age. We excluded infants with severe birth asphyxia or craniofacial abnormalities. We identified 95 672 infants from 313 neonatal intensive care units. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between maximum total bilirubin at <21 days postnatal age with failed hearing screen, adjusting for important demographic and clinical risk factors.
The median gestational age and birth weight were 30 weeks (IQR, 28-32 weeks) and 1330 g (IQR, 1010-1630 g), respectively. The median maximum total bilirubin was 8.3 mg/dL (IQR, 6.7-10.0 mg/dL), and 5275 infants (6%) failed their newborn hearing screen. On adjusted analysis, each 1 mg/dL increase in maximum total bilirubin was associated with a small, but significant, increase in odds of a failed hearing screen (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.04).
An increased maximum total bilirubin level was independently associated with hearing screen failure. Further prospective studies are needed to understand whether this increased risk of hearing screen failure translates to increased risk of hearing loss.
The quantification of local surface morphology in the human cortex is important for examining population differences as well as developmental changes in neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental ...disorders. We propose a novel cortical shape measure, referred to as the ‘shape complexity index’ (SCI), that represents localized shape complexity as the difference between the observed distributions of local surface topology, as quantified by the shape index (SI) measure, to its best fitting simple topological model within a given neighborhood. We apply a relatively small, adaptive geodesic kernel to calculate the SCI. Due to the small size of the kernel, the proposed SCI measure captures fine differences of cortical shape. With this novel cortical feature, we aim to capture comparatively small local surface changes that capture a) the widening versus deepening of sulcal and gyral regions, as well as b) the emergence and development of secondary and tertiary sulci. Current cortical shape measures, such as the gyrification index (GI) or intrinsic curvature measures, investigate the cortical surface at a different scale and are less well suited to capture these particular cortical surface changes. In our experiments, the proposed SCI demonstrates higher complexity in the gyral/sulcal wall regions, lower complexity in wider gyral ridges and lowest complexity in wider sulcal fundus regions. In early postnatal brain development, our experiments show that SCI reveals a pattern of increased cortical shape complexity with age, as well as sexual dimorphisms in the insula, middle cingulate, parieto-occipital sulcal and Broca's regions. Overall, sex differences were greatest at 6months of age and were reduced at 24months, with the difference pattern switching from higher complexity in males at 6months to higher complexity in females at 24months. This is the first study of longitudinal, cortical complexity maturation and sex differences, in the early postnatal period from 6 to 24months of age with fine scale, cortical shape measures. These results provide information that complement previous studies of gyrification index in early brain development.
•Shape complexity index was quantified by the distributions of local surface topology.•The adaptive geodesic kernel captures fine differences of the local shape index distribution.•The stability and reliability of shape complexity were showed using a scan/rescan dataset.•The influence of the kernel size is presented using the various kernel sizes.•The complexity changes show a regionally specific pattern over the age.
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