Globally, food waste (FW) is found to be one of the major constituents creating several hurdles in waste management. On the other hand, the energy crisis is increasing and the limited fossil fuel ...resources available are not sufficient for energy needed for emerging population. In this context, biohydrogen production approach through valorization of FW is emerging as one of the sustainable and eco-friendly options. The present review explores FW sources, characteristics, and dark fermentative production of hydrogen along with its efficiency. FW are highly biodegradable and rich in carbohydrates which can be efficiently utilized by anaerobic bacteria. Based on the composition of FW, several pretreatment methods can be adapted to improve the bioavailability of the organics. By-products of dark fermentation are organic acids that can be integrated with several secondary bioprocesses. The versatility of secondary products is ranging from energy generation to biochemicals production. Integrated approaches facilitate in enhanced energy harvesting along with extended wastewater treatment. The review also discusses various parameters like pH, temperature, hydraulic retention time and nutrient supplementation to enhance the process efficiency of biohydrogen production. The application of solid-state fermentation (SSF) in dark fermentation improves the process efficiency. Dark fermentation as the key process for valorization and additional energy generating process can make FW the most suitable substrate for circular economy and waste based biorefinery.
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•Carbohydrate rich food waste (FW) has high potential for biohydrogen production.•Biohydrogen production from FW treatment also addresses waste management.•Biorefineries and circular economy can be developed through FW valorization.•Lab scale to pilot scale experiences with dark fermentation were documented.
Background and Objectives:Tuberculosis is one of the commonest opportunistic infection and the leading cause of death in HIV patients in developing countries like India. India accounts for about 10% ...of the global burden of HIV-TB co-infection. Drug-resistant TB is a continuing threat. As there is increased burden of HIV-TB co-morbidity in India and there is limited data available on drug resistant TB. Therefore, this study is taken up to evaluate the role of CBNAAT, compare this with sputum microscopy, culture and also to detect Rifampicin resistant tuberculosis among HIV positive patients.Materials and Method:Two sputum samples were collected from HIV patients who were clinically suspected with tuberculosis referred from ART centre at CG Hospital attached to J. J. M. Medical College, Davangere were included in this study. One sample is processed for sputum microscopy, solid culture and other for CBNAAT (GeneXpert).Results:Out of 150 patients, 89 were males (59%) and 61 were females (41%). Male to female ratio was 1.46:1. Majority of patients were in the age group between 31-40 years and positivity was more in patients who had CD4 count below 100 cells/ml. 39(26%) cases positive by CBNAAT, 38(25.3%) were positive by Solid culture, 16 (10.6%) smear positives by ZN staining and 21 (14%) smears positive by Fluorescent staining method. 1 was resistant to Rifampicin and 38 were sensitive for Rifampicin.Conclusion:GeneXpert helps in increased case detection in lesser time to diagnose pulmonary TB in HIV positive patients as compared to conventional sputum microscopy. The sensitivity of geneXpert MTB/RIF assay was better than LED-FM and ZN microscopy in the diagnosis of PTB. It also detects Rifampicin resistance with high specificity.
The detection of water deficit conditions in different soils of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India was assessed in consecutive two seasons of 2017–18 to 2019–20 cropping seasons using combined ...indicators developed from Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Historical rainfall data during the study period of 56 administrative units were analyzed by using R software and derived three-month SPI. The MODIS satellite data from 2007 to 2020 was downloaded out of which the first ten years' data was used as mean monthly NDVI and the remaining period data was used to derive the anomaly index for the specific month. MODIS satellite data was downloaded, using LST and NDVI, and MSI values were calculated. The NDVI anomaly was derived using MODIS data to study the onset and intensity of water deficit conditions. Results indicated that SPI values gradually increased from the start of the Kharif season, reached their maximum during the August and September months, and decreased gradually with high variation among the mandals. The NDVI anomaly values were highest in October and December the for Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively. The correlation coefficient between NDVI anomaly and SPI reveals that 79% and 61% of the variation were observed in light and heavy textured soils. The SPI values of −0.5 and −0.75; the NDVI anomaly values of −1.0 and −1.5 and SMI values of 0.28 and 0.26 were established as the thresholds for the onset of water deficit conditions in light and heavy textured soils, respectively. Overall, results suggest that the combined use of SMI, SPI, and NDVI anomaly is capable to provide a near-real-time indicator for water deficit conditions in light and heavy texture soils. Yield reduction was higher in light-textured soils ranging from 6.1 to 34.5%. These results can further be used in devising tactics for the effective mitigation of drought.
Soft tissue lesions have a wide spectrum which includes non- neoplastic, benign & malignant lesions. FNAC act as preliminary diagnostic tool providing a predictive diagnosis of a benign or malignant ...soft tissue neoplasm and thus helps for further intervention.
This study discusses the spectrum of FNAC of soft tissue lesions in upper and lower limbs.
All cytology smears of soft tissue lesions from both upper and lower limbs were included over a period of three years at tertiary care hospital.
The most common age group was 31 to 40 years with male to female ratio being 1.3:1. The spectrum included broadly neoplastic (65.7%) & non-neoplastic (34.3%) cases. The neoplasms were further divided as benign (42.8 %), malignant (18.6%) and suspicious for neoplasm (4.3%) whereas (34.3 %) were non-neoplastic lesions. The most common lesion was giant cell tumor (GCT) of tendon sheath. The most common site was hand (24%) followed by feet (22.5%).
FNAC of soft tissue lesions is useful for differentiating various lesions and neoplasms in extremities so as to help patients in further management.
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The exploitation of GLU988 and LYS903 residues in PARP1 as targets to design isoquinolinone (I & II) and naphthyridinone (III) analogues is described. Compounds of structure I have ...good biochemical and cellular potency but suffered from inferior PK. Constraining the linear propylene linker of structure I into a cyclopentene ring (II) offered improved PK parameters, while maintaining potency for PARP1. Finally, to avoid potential issues that may arise from the presence of an anilinic moiety, the nitrogen substituent on the isoquinolinone ring was incorporated as part of the bicyclic ring. This afforded a naphthyridinone scaffold, as shown in structure III. Further optimization of naphthyridinone series led to identification of a novel and highly potent PARP1 inhibitor 34, which was further characterized as preclinical candidate molecule. Compound 34 is orally bioavailable and displayed favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Compound 34 demonstrated remarkable antitumor efficacy both as a single-agent as well as in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in the BRCA1 mutant MDA-MB-436 breast cancer xenograft model. Additionally, compound 34 also potentiated the effect of agents such as temozolomide in breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and Ewing’s sarcoma models.
PI3Kδ inhibitors have been approved for B-cell malignancies like CLL, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and so forth. However, currently available PI3Kδ inhibitors are nonoptimal, showing weakness against ...at least one of the several important properties: potency, isoform selectivity, and/or pharmacokinetic profile. To come up with a PI3Kδ inhibitor that overcomes all these deficiencies, a pharmacophoric expansion strategy was employed. Herein, we describe a systematic transformation of a “three-blade propeller” shaped lead, 2,3-disubstituted quinolizinone 11, through a 1,2-disubstituted quinolizinone 20 to a novel “four-blade propeller” shaped 1,2,3-trisubstituted quinolizinone 34. Compound 34 has excellent potency, isoform selectivity, metabolic stability across species, and exhibited a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Compound 34 also demonstrated a differentiated efficacy profile in human germinal center B and activated B cell-DLBCL cell lines and xenograft models. Compound 34 qualifies for further evaluation as a candidate for monotherapy or in combination with other targeted agents in DLBCLs and other forms of iNHL.
PI3Kδ inhibitors have been approved for B-cell malignancies like CLL, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and so forth. However, currently available PI3Kδ inhibitors are nonoptimal, showing weakness against ...at least one of the several important properties: potency, isoform selectivity, and/or pharmacokinetic profile. To come up with a PI3Kδ inhibitor that overcomes all these deficiencies, a pharmacophoric expansion strategy was employed. Herein, we describe a systematic transformation of a "three-blade propeller" shaped lead, 2,3-disubstituted quinolizinone
, through a 1,2-disubstituted quinolizinone
to a novel "four-blade propeller" shaped 1,2,3-trisubstituted quinolizinone
. Compound
has excellent potency, isoform selectivity, metabolic stability across species, and exhibited a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Compound
also demonstrated a differentiated efficacy profile in human germinal center B and activated B cell-DLBCL cell lines and xenograft models. Compound
qualifies for further evaluation as a candidate for monotherapy or in combination with other targeted agents in DLBCLs and other forms of iNHL.
Pit1 null (Snell dwarf) and Proph1 null (Ames dwarf) mutant mice lack GH, PRL and TSH. Snell and Ames dwarf mice also exhibit reduced IGF-I, resistance to cancer and a longer lifespan than control ...mice. Endogenous glucose production during fasting is reduced in Snell dwarf mice compared to fasting control mice. In view of cancer cell dependence on glucose for energy, low endogenous glucose production may provide Snell dwarf mice with resistance to cancer. We investigated whether endogenous glucose production is lower in Snell dwarf mice during feeding. Inhibition of endogenous glucose production by glucose injection was enhanced in 12 to 14 month-old female Snell dwarf mice. Thus, we hypothesize that lower endogenous glucose production during feeding and fasting reduces cancer cell glucose utilization providing Snell dwarf mice with resistance to cancer. The elevation of circulating adiponectin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue, may contribute to the suppression of endogenous glucose production in 12 to 14 month-old Snell dwarf mice. We compared the incidence of cancer at time of death between old Snell dwarf and control mice. Only 18% of old Snell dwarf mice had malignant lesions at the time of death compared to 82% of control mice. The median ages at death for old Snell dwarf and control mice were 33 and 26 months, respectively. By contrast, previous studies showed a high incidence of cancer in old Ames dwarf mice at the time of death. Hence, resistance to cancer in old Snell dwarf mice may be mediated by neuroendocrine factors that reduce glucose utilization besides elevated adiponectin, reduced IGF-I and a lack of GH, PRL and TSH, seen in both Snell and Ames dwarf mice. Proteomics analysis of pituitary secretions from Snell dwarf mice confirmed the absence of GH and PRL, the secretion of ACTH and elevated secretion of Chromogranin B and Secretogranin II. Radioimmune assays confirmed that circulating Chromogranin B and Secretogranin II were elevated in 12 to 14 month-old Snell dwarf mice. In summary, our results in Snell dwarf mice suggest that the pituitary gland and adipose tissue are part of a neuroendocrine loop that lowers the risk of cancer during aging by reducing the availability of glucose.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is gaining momentum faster than ever before. Screening tests for autistic features are very expensive and time-consuming. The development of machine learning (ML) and ...artificial intelligence (AI) has made it possible to predict autism relatively early. Autism, commonly known as "Autism Spectrum Disorder" (ASD), is a difficult, chronic developmental impairment that includes issues like lack of focus, repetitive behavior, and nonverbal communication. ASD has been growing more rapidly in recent years, necessitating an early diagnosis. Autism detection necessitates some time-consuming and costly screening tools. Predictive analytics, which is another name for a variety of mathematical models, has become increasingly popular in recent years. Machine learning and pattern recognition in medical research Machine learning and pattern recognition are two multidisciplinary study fields in medicine that offer efficient methods to detect ASD. So, we proposed a system to predict autism spectrum disorder based on various factors given by the user on the front end, using machine learning techniques and algorithms such as KNN, Logistic regression, decision trees random forest, ,the Naive Bayes and XGB classifier.
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