Objective
The 5‐item World Health Organization well‐being index is a commonly used measure of emotional well‐being, but research on psychometric properties in outpatients with diabetes is scarce. We ...examined psychometric and screening properties for depression of this index in a large sample of Dutch outpatients with diabetes.
Methods
Patients with Type 1 (n = 384) and Type 2 (n = 549) diabetes from three outpatient clinics completed the WHO‐5 index, the nine‐item Patient Health Questionnaire, the Problem Areas in Diabetes survey and the Short Form‐12 health survey. Internal consistency of the WHO‐5 index was determined by Cronbach's alpha. The factor structure was tested by confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlations with the Patient Health Questionnaire, Problem Areas in Diabetes and the Short Form‐12 mental component scores. Sensitivity and specificity of the WHO‐5 index as depression screener were tested against two existing Patient Health Questionnaire cut‐off scores for depression using receiver operating characteristic curves.
Results
A one‐factor structure of the WHO‐5 index was verified by confirmatory factor analysis for patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the WHO‐5 index and the Patient Health Questionnaire scores, the Problem Areas in Diabetes scores and the Short Form‐12 mental component scores (r = 0.55–0.69, P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that a WHO‐5 index cut‐off of < 50 performed best as an indication for likely depression, with sensitivity compared with a Patient Health Questionnaire score ≥ 10 and ≥ 12 of 79% and 88%, respectively, and specificity of 88% and 76%, respectively.
Conclusions
The WHO‐5 index is a short, psychometrically sound measure of emotional well‐being that appears suitable for use as screening test for likely depression in outpatients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
Diabet. Med. 27, 798–803 (2010)
Objectives To investigate whether diabetes‐specific emotional distress mediates the relationship between depression and glycaemic control in patients with Type 1 and ...Type 2 diabetes.
Research design and methods Data were derived from the baseline assessment of a depression in diabetes screening study carried out in three tertiary diabetes clinics in the Netherlands. Most recent glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement was obtained from medical records. The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) and Problem Areas in Diabetes scale (PAID) were used to measure depression and diabetes‐specific emotional distress respectively. Linear regression was performed to examine the mediating effect of diabetes–distress.
Results Complete data were available for 627 outpatients with Type 1 (n = 280) and Type 2 (n = 347) diabetes. Analyses showed that diabetes–distress mediated the relation between depression and glycaemic control and not differently for both disease types. Post‐hoc analyses revealed that patients depressed and distressed by their diabetes were in significantly poorer glycaemic control relative to those not depressed nor distressed (HbA1c 8.7 ± 1.7 vs. 7.6 ± 1.2% in those without depressive symptoms, 7.6 ± 1.1% in depressed only and 7.7 ± 1.1% in the distressed only, P < 0.001). Depressed patients without elevated diabetes‐distress did not show a significantly increased risk of elevated HbA1c.
Conclusions In explaining the association between depression and glycaemic control, diabetes‐specific emotional distress appears to be an important mediator. Addressing diabetes‐specific emotional problems as part of depression treatment in diabetes patients may help improve glycaemic outcomes.
Aims
Depression is common in people with diabetes, and related to higher HbA1c levels. Depression, however, is a heterogeneous construct that involves a variety of symptoms. As little is known about ...the associations of individual depressive symptoms with HbA1c, we explored these associations in outpatients with diabetes.
Methods
The study was conducted in three tertiary diabetes clinics in the Netherlands. At baseline, the presence of the nine depressive symptoms that are listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition was assessed with the nine‐item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9). At baseline and after a 1‐year follow‐up, HbA1c was derived from the medical charts.
Results
A total of 288 out of 646 subjects with diabetes (45%) reported one or more depressive symptom(s). Depressed mood (β = 0.11, P = 0.005), sleeping difficulties (β = 0.16, P < 0.001), appetite problems (β = 0.15, P < 0.001) and suicidal ideation (β = 0.14, P = 0.001) were significantly related to higher baseline HbA1c values. Furthermore, depressed mood (β = 0.09, P = 0.03) sleeping difficulties (β = 0.12, P = 0.004), appetite problems (β = 0.11, P = 0.01) and psychomotor agitation/retardation (β = 0.09, P = 0.04) were significantly related to higher HbA1c values at 1‐year follow‐up. Associations were more pronounced in Type 1 diabetes than in Type 2 diabetes. None of the depressive symptoms were related to change in HbA1c over time, except suicidal ideation.
Conclusion
In people with diabetes, several individual depressive symptoms were related to higher HbA1c levels. These associations persisted over time. More research is needed to investigate potential mechanistic pathways.
Aims
To compare levels of diabetes distress in people with Type 2 diabetes treated in primary and secondary care and to examine demographic and clinical correlates that may explain potential ...differences in levels of distress between care settings.
Methods
People with Type 2 diabetes from 24 primary care practices (n = 774) and three secondary care clinics (n = 526) completed the Problem Areas In Diabetes questionnaire. Data on HbA1c levels and diabetes complications were derived from medical charts. Hierarchical ordinal regression analysis was used to investigate which correlates could explain the potential differences in level of diabetes distress between care settings.
Results
Diabetes distress levels and the prevalence of elevated diabetes distress were considerably lower in the participants treated in primary care (mean (sd) total diabetes distress score 8 (11); 4% of participants with a Problem Areas In Diabetes score ≥ 40) than in secondary care (mean (sd) total diabetes distress score 23 (21); 19% of participants with a Problem Areas In Diabetes score ≥ 40, P < 0.001). In addition to care setting, the following variables were also independently related to diabetes distress: younger age, ethnic minority status, using insulin, having a higher HbA1c level, having a higher BMI and the presence of neuropathy. Other diabetes complications were not independently associated with diabetes distress.
Conclusions
In primary care, lower levels of diabetes distress were reported than in secondary care. The difference in diabetes distress between care settings can be largely, but not fully, explained by specific demographic and clinical characteristics. These results need to be interpreted with caution as they are based on two separate studies, but do call into question the need to screen for diabetes distress in people with Type 2 diabetes in primary care.
What's new?
This study shows that considerably lower levels of diabetes distress are experienced by people with Type 2 diabetes treated in primary care compared with those treated in secondary care.
These differences may be largely, but not fully, explained by demographic and clinical factors such as ethnicity and glycaemic control. Interestingly, having complications was barely related to diabetes distress.
The low prevalence of diabetes distress in primary care calls into question the need to screen for emotional distress in all people with Type 2 diabetes in primary care.
Diabet. Med. 27, 217–224 (2010)
Aims Depression is common in diabetes, but the scope of the problem and associated correlates are not well established in specialist diabetes care. We aimed to ...determine the prevalence of depression among adult outpatients with Type 1 (T1DM) or Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using both self‐report measures and a diagnostic interview, and to establish demographic and clinical characteristics associated with depressive affect.
Methods A random sample of 2055 diabetes out‐patients from three diabetes clinics was invited to participate. Depressive affect was assessed using the World Health Organization‐5 Well Being Index (WHO‐5), the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression scale (CESD) using predefined cut‐off scores, and depressive disorder with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Associations between depression and patient characteristics were explored using regression analyses.
Results Seven hundred and seventy‐two patients completed the depression questionnaires. About one‐third of T1DM patients and 37–43% of T2DM patients reported depressive affect (WHO‐5). The prevalence of depressive affect (CESD) was 25% and 30% for men and women with T1DM, and 35% and 38% for men and women with T2DM, respectively. Based on the CIDI, 8% of T1DM patients (no gender difference) and 2% of men and 21% of women with T2DM suffered from a depressive disorder. Depressive affect was associated with poor glycaemic control and proliferative retinopathy in T1DM, while non‐Dutch descent, obesity and neuropathy were correlates in T2DM.
Conclusions Depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder constitute a common comorbid problem among Dutch out‐patients with T1DM or T2DM and appear particularly common in migrants and women with T2DM.
The LHCb VELO: Performance and radiation damage Snoek, H.L.
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/2014, Letnik:
765
Journal Article
Recenzirano
LHCb is a forward spectrometer experiment dedicated to the search for New Physics in the decays of beauty and charm hadrons produced by the proton–proton interactions at the Large Hadron Collider ...(LHC) at CERN. The measurement of the flight distance of these hadrons is critical for the physics program. The VErtex LOcator (VELO) is the silicon detector surrounding the LHCb interaction point and provides excellent resolution of charged tracks and vertex positions. The VELO has been run successfully since installation. The sensors have the first sensitive strips at a radius of 8.2mm and are exposed to maximum radiation doses of ~0.6×10141MeVneq/cm2perfb−1 delivered integrated luminosity. The performance of the VELO during the first LHC run is described, together with methods to monitor radiation damage. Results from the radiation damage studies are presented showing interesting features, such as an unexpected charge coupling to the second metal layer routing lines after irradiation. The radiation damage has so far no impact on the track reconstruction performance.
•We study the performance and radiation damage of the LHCb VELO detector.•The physics performance of the VELO detector is meeting its expectations.•Radiation damage is monitored through multiple developed methods.•An unexpected, radiation induced effect to the second metal layer has been observed.
ObjectivesThis study aimed to estimate the recurrence rate of culture-positive bacterial meningitis in children in the Netherlands.DesignNationwide surveillance study, using the database of the ...Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis to identify patients with culture-positive bacterial meningitis during childhood.SettingThe study was based in the Netherlands.ParticipantsA total of 9731 children with a first bacterial meningitis episode between 1 July 1987 and 30 June 2019 were identified.Primary and secondary outcome measuresRecurrence was defined as a subsequent episode >28 days, or caused by a different pathogen. Annual incidence and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) comparing the periods 1988–2003 and 2004–2019 were calculated. Predictors of recurrent meningitis were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsSixty-three (0.6%) of the 9731 children with a first bacterial meningitis episode contracted recurrent meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis was the leading pathogen for first meningitis episodes (52%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae for recurrent episodes (52%). The median annual incidence of first episodes per 100 000 children decreased from 11.81 (IQR 11.26–17.60) in 1988–2003 to 2.60 (IQR 2.37–4.07) in 2004–2019 (IRR 0.25, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.26). The incidence of recurrences did not change: 0.06 (IQR 0.02–0.11) in 1988–2003 to 0.03 (IQR 0.00–0.06) in 2004–2019 (IRR 0.65, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.1). Age above 5 years (OR 3.6 (95% CI 1.5 to 8.3)) and a first episode due to Escherichia coli (OR 25.7 (95% CI 7.2 to 92.0)) were associated with higher risks of recurrence.ConclusionThe recurrence rate of childhood bacterial meningitis in the Netherlands was 0.6%. While the incidence rate of first episodes decreased substantially, this was not the case for recurrent episodes. Older age and a first episode due to E. coli were associated with higher recurrence risks.
Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of a screening procedure for depression (SCR) vs care as usual (CAU) in outpatients with diabetes. The primary outcome measured was ...depression score and the secondary outcomes were mental healthcare consumption, diabetes-distress and HbA₁c. Materials and methods In a multicentre parallel randomised controlled trial, 223 outpatients with diabetes, who had an elevated depression score, were randomly assigned to SCR (n = 116) or CAU (n = 107), using computer generated numbers. SCR-patients were invited for a Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to diagnose depression and/or anxiety (interviewers were not blinded for group assignment). As part of the intervention, patients and their physicians were informed of the outcome of the CIDI in a letter and provided with treatment advice. At baseline and 6 month follow-up, depression and diabetes-distress were measured using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Problem Areas in Diabetes survey (PAID). HbA₁c levels were obtained from medical charts. Results Mean CES-D depression scores decreased from baseline to 6 months in both groups (24 ± 8 to 21 ± 8 CAU and 26 ± 7 to 22 ± 10 SCR respectively p < 0.001), with no significant differences between groups. Neither diabetes-distress nor HbA₁c changed significantly within and between groups. The percentage of patients receiving mental healthcare increased in the SCR group from 20% to 28%, compared with 15% to 18% in the CAU group. Conclusions/interpretation Depression screening with written feedback to patient and physician does not improve depression scores and has a limited impact on mental healthcare utilisation, compared with CAU. It appears that more intensive depression management is required to improve depression outcomes in patients with diabetes.
To investigate: (1) the course of coronary heart disease risk factors (lipid profiles and body mass index (BMI)) in the first five years after discharge from inpatient spinal cord injury (SCI) ...rehabilitation and (2) the association between lifestyle (physical activity, self-care related to fitness, smoking, alcohol, body mass and low-fat diet) and coronary heart disease risk factors during that period.
Prospective cohort study.
Individuals with SCI (N=130). Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and BMI were determined at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation and 1 and 5 years after discharge. Using multilevel regression models, the effects of lifestyle (drinking alcohol, smoking, active lifestyle and self-care) on the lipid profiles and BMI were determined.
After correction for lesion and personal characteristics, no changes in lipid profiles in the five years after discharge were seen, whereas the BMI increased significantly with 1.8 kg m(-2). A high percentage was at risk of cardiovascular disease due to high BMI (63-75%) or HDL (66-95%). The individuals who indicated to maintain their fitness level as good as possible and the individuals with a low BMI showed better lipid profiles. Individuals with a more active lifestyle showed higher HDL levels. Individuals who avoid smoking showed a 1.5 kg m(-2) higher BMI.
Lipid profiles seem to stabilize in the years after discharge from inpatient SCI rehabilitation, whereas the BMI increased. Lifestyle factors associated with a favorable lipid profile and BMI could be identified.
Abstract Objective To explore the possibility of utilizing family communication as a diabetes prevention strategy, specifically targeting high-risk families with South-Asian ancestry in the ...Netherlands. Methods In a cross-sectional study, type 2 diabetes patients from Dutch ( n = 311) and Surinamese South-Asian ( n = 157) origin filled in a questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics, beliefs and concerns about familial diabetes risk, primary prevention, and diabetes-related family communication. Results Discussing diabetes is regarded acceptable in most families. Especially Surinamese South-Asian patients (68%) seemed motivated to convey risk messages to their relatives; they reported a higher risk perception and expressed more concern than Dutch patients. While 40% in both groups thought relatives are able to prevent developing diabetes, 46% in Dutch and 33% in Surinamese South-Asian patients were unsure. Conclusion Promoting family communication appears a feasible strategy in diabetes prevention in high-risk (Surinamese South-Asian) families. Health care providers should address patients’ concern and emphasize opportunities for prevention. Practice implications Findings favor training of clinicians in utilizing a family approach as prevention strategy. Patients (particularly Surinamese South-Asians) are in need of professional help in the process of family risk disclosure. (Online) Educational tools should be made available at which patients can refer their relatives.
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