Abstract
Regulatory T cells (T
reg
) are CD4
+
T cells with immune-suppressive function, which is defined by Foxp3 expression. However, the molecular determinants defining the suppressive population ...of T cells have yet to be discovered. Here we report that the cell surface protein Lrig1 is enriched in suppressive T cells and controls their suppressive behaviors. Within CD4
+
T cells, T
reg
cells express the highest levels of Lrig1, and the expression level is further increasing with activation. The Lrig1
+
subpopulation from T helper (Th) 17 cells showed higher suppressive activity than the Lrig1
-
subpopulation. Lrig1-deficiency impairs the suppressive function of T
reg
cells, while Lrig1-deficient naïve T cells normally differentiate into other T cell subsets. Adoptive transfer of CD4
+
Lrig1
+
T cells alleviates autoimmune symptoms in colitis and lupus nephritis mouse models. A monoclonal anti-Lrig1 antibody significantly improves the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In conclusion, Lrig1 is an important regulator of suppressive T cell function and an exploitable target for treating autoimmune conditions.
The search for advanced electrode materials in K-ion batteries (KIBs) is a significant challenge due to the lack of an efficient throughput screening method in modern battery technology. Layered ...oxide cathode materials, K
x
MnO
2
, have been widely investigated for KIB application due to their high energy and power density. However, K
x
MnO
2
suffers from structural instability and highly hygroscopic nature. To address these issues, here, a combined machine learning (ML) and first-principles method based on density functional theory (DFT) for screening and experimental validation is developed for the first time. This method is used for designing stable K
x
MnO
2
that can reinforce the structural and environmental stabilities as well as high electrochemical performances. Among the large number of candidates, notably, the ML and DFT-assisted strategies identify P′3-type K
0.3
Mn
0.9
Cu
0.1
O
2
(KMCO) as a promising candidate for a high performance KIB cathode. Finally, the experimental protocol proves that the KMCO cathode has substantially improved K-storage properties with high-power density and cycling stability even after four weeks air-exposure period. We believe that this study opens a new avenue for identifying and developing suitable electrode materials for future battery applications.
A new materials discovery platform based on combined machine learning (ML) and density functional theory (DFT) for screening and experimental validation is proposed for designing a stable K
x
MnO
2
cathode in K-ion batteries.
Energy storage devices remain critical to meet the increasing demands of the modern society. Rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are a crucial finding in this century to compensate the energy ...demand in the present day. As device performance is intimately correlated with the material properties, production of functional energy storage nanomaterials endowed with exceptional physico-chemical properties in view of their particle-size confinement has become critically significant. Low- or moderate-temperature synthetic strategies that are versatile, easily scalable, and efficiently produce size-tuned and efficient materials are essential. In the recent past, combustion-based synthetic process has emerged as one of the promising strategies for developing customized energy storage nanomaterials due to rapid synthesis and ease of preparations in a large scale, etc. In the present review, the advancements in the design and chemistry of these strategies in developing a wide range of high voltage cathode materials for LIBs have been discussed. Among the various combustion techniques, this study will focus mainly on solution combustion, sol-gel based combustion and polyol-based pyro-synthesis. The versatility of these processes to provide tailored particle morphologies and particle sizes at the nanoscale and their effects on the material performance in various applications, particularly in energy storage, is also discussed.
•High voltage lithium ion battery cathodes are studied through this review.•Facile combustion and pyro-synthesis reaction methods are examined.•Electrochemical features are correlated with preparative techniques.
Summary
In this study, nickel tellurium oxide (Ni3TeO6) was composited with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through the high‐energy ball‐milling method and proposed as a high‐energy conversion‐type anode for ...sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) for the first time. Upon mechanical milling, the Ni3TeO6 nanoparticles were uniformly encapsulated and wedged within the CNTs matrix, which produced a nano/micro hybrid structure. The interconnected CNT network in the composite provided conductive paths for rapid electron transport while effectively suppressing the local stress caused by large volume changes of Ni3TeO6 during the sodiation–desodiation process. The Ni3TeO6@CNTs exhibited a high Na+‐ion storage capacity of 495 mA h g−1, good cycling stability at 200 mA g−1, and high‐rate performance up to 2000 mA g−1.
Ni3TeO6@CNTs composite is first reported with good rate performance and electronic conductivity as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries.
In this study, magnesium-ion-substituted, sodium-deficient, P3- and P2-layered manganese oxide cathodes (Na0.67Mg0.1Mn0.9O2) were synthesized through a facile polyol-assisted combustion technique for ...applications in sodium-ion batteries. The electrochemical reaction pathways, structural integrity, and long cycling ability at low current rates of the P3- and P2-phases of the Na0.67Mg0.1Mn0.9O2 cathodes were investigated using time-consuming techniques, such as galvanostatic titration and series cyclic voltammetry. The results obtained from these techniques were supported by those obtained from operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Particularly, the P2-phase provided excellent structural stability owing to its intrinsic crystal structure, thereby exhibiting a reversible capacity retention of 82.6% after 262 cycles at a low rate of 0.1 C; in contrast, the P3-phase exhibited a capacity retention of 38.7% after 241 cycles at a similar current rate. The air stability of these as-prepared powders, which were stored under ambient conditions, was progressively analyzed over a period of 6 months through XRD without conducting any special experiments. The results suggest that in the P3-phase, the formation of NaHCO3 and hydrated phase impurities, resulting from Na+/H+ exchange and hydration reactions, respectively, was likely to occur more quickly, that is, within a few days, compared to that in the P2-phase.
The Bilevel Optimization Problem is a hierarchical optimization problem with two agents, a leader and a follower. The leader make their own decisions first, and the followers make the best choices ...accordingly. The leader knows the information of the followers, and the goal of the problem is to find the optimal solution by considering the reactions of the followers from the leader's point of view. For the Bilevel Optimization Problem, there are no general and efficient algorithms or commercial solvers to get an optimal solution, and it is very difficult to get a good solution even for a simple problem. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach using Graph Neural Networks to solve the bilevel knapsack problem. We train the model to predict the leader's solution and use it to transform the hierarchical optimization problem into a single-level optimization problem to get the solution. Our model found the feasible solution that was about 500 times faster than the exact algorithm with \(1.7\%\) optimal gap. Also, our model performed well on problems of different size from the size it was trained on.
A uniform carbon-coated Na
3
V
2
(PO
4
)
2
O
2x
F
3
−
2x
(NVPOF/C) nanoparticle synthesized by a novel pyro synthesis method is utilized for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as a cathode. Remarkably, the ...electrochemical properties are performed at high rates show significantly improved discharge capacity (Fig. 1). At 0.1 C, the NVPOF/C cathode shows a discharge capacity of 130 mAh g
−
1
, corresponding to 100% of the theoretical capacity. Even at 50 C, a discharge capacity of ~85 mAh g
−
1
could be attained. The in situ X-ray diffraction and ex-situ synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy results exposed that the reversible sodium ion insertion/ extraction into/from NVPOF/C host structure occurs with a small volume change (3.4%), indicating the structural stability of the cathode. Our study validates that the Na
3
V
2
(PO
4
)
2
O
2x
F
3
−
2x
/C electrode is a promising candidate for developing high power/ energy density cathodes for SIBs.
Figure 1. (a) Galvanostatic charge/discharge potential profiles of Na
3
V
2
(PO
4
)
2
O
2x
F
3-2x
in the potential range of 2.0 ~ 4.3V at 0.1C. (b) Cycle performance at 1C. (c) The discharge profiles of different C. (d) Comparison of the rate capabilities at various curve
Figure 1
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