Políticas de la Escuela Austriaca Piguave Gordillo, Lisbeth Solange; Morán Quijije, Eduardo Erasmo; Jadán Solís, Katty Pilar
RECIMUNDO: Revista Científica de la Investigación y el Conocimiento,
2019, Letnik:
3, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Con la introducción del libro Principios de la Economía Política de Menger nace lo que se conoce como Escuela Austriaca, con sus autores más influyentes en esta etapa del conocimiento como Hayek, ...Menger y Mises. Sabemos que la escuela austriaca tiene muchas políticas entre ellas se basada principalmente en el individualismo metodológico y en el subjetivismo, ya que ellos consideran que toda acción realizada por el hombre tiene su porqué de realizarse. No solo hablaremos de quienes son los que intervienen la dicha escuela y como fueron parte de esta, sino en que aportes han ofrecido para la escuela austriaca.Menger es el principal exponente de la escuela austriaca de ahí salen los demás exponentes ya que ellos son discípulos de sus teorías. Y él tiene varias etapas de sus conocimientos como cuando empieza su carrera como docente y cuando la termina. Los demás temas referente a él se los tratara a continuación. Nos tratamos en enfocar en las políticas que han tenido más influencia en todo el mundo y si en la actualidad aún se usas dichas políticas. También y como último punto trataremos lo que a nuestro parecer es importante que es la diferencia entre la escuela austriaca con el socialismo y el capitalismo. Ya que existen muchos puntos de comparación y algunos creen que la escuela austriaca tiene algunas cosas de del capitalismo y socialismo. Todas esas dudas serán despejadas a medida que se realice la investigación.
La tecnología ha revolucionado en todo sentido la vida del ser humano y el ámbito educativo no ha sido la excepción. En la presente investigación se propone el diseño de una metodología M-learning ...para el aprendizaje del idioma inglés a través de dispositivos móviles, específicamente teléfonos celulares que son herramientas que están al alcance de los estudiantes, y que permiten el uso de diferentes y variados recursos a través del Internet. El objetivo es diseñar la metodología M-learning proponiendo varias actividades que se pueden realizar desde el teléfono celular con acceso a Internet y hacer el seguimiento de dichas actividades desde un Aula Virtual diseñada en base a la metodología propuesta. Se llevó a cabo en las instalaciones de la Unidad Educativa Nuestra Señora de Fátima de la ciudad de Riobamba, en la clase de inglés, con 40 estudiantes de 16 y 17 años de edad, próximos a graduarse en el Bachillerato General Unificado.
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Background: the prognosis and treatment of advanced RCC has improved over the last decade due to a number of effective anti-angiogenic and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) ...therapies. Certain clinical factors, such as low Karnofsky status (≤ 70%); less than a one year period from diagnosis to treatment administration; low serum hemoglobin; high corrected serum calcium; high lactate dehydrogenase; elevated neutrophil count or platelet count exceeding the upper limit of the normal range, have been able to stratify patients into three distinct prognostic groups: favorable (zero risk factors), intermediate (one to two), and poor risk (more than two). Nowadays, the relationship between PD-L1 expression with treatment response and the survival rate of RCC is a current topic of interest. Methods: a retrospective analysis of 182 patients with advanced RCC who received sunitinb in a single Institution has been conducted with the aim of analyzing PD-L1 as a prognostic factor. To carry out the immunohistochemical analysis, microscopy samples have been treated with the PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx assay, which is intended to measure the percentage of PD-L1 expression in the primary tumor tissue. Results: a total of 65 patients with primary tumor tissue sampling, who were never treated with (ICPI), were analyzed. Among these, 95% were considered as intermediate or poor risk and 47% had PD-L1 expression. The results have shown that PD-L1 expression is associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In patients with no expression of PD-L1, the median PFS was 16.89 months (95% confidence interval 11.0 – 40.87 months) and 12.61 months for those with some % of PD-L1 expression (4.43 – 53.09). (χ² = 1.16; Pr > χ² = 0.20). Likewise, the median OS was 42.28 months (13.76 – 68.13) for patients with no expression of PD-L1 and 24.60 months for those with some % of PD-L1 expression (13.76- not reached) ( χ ² = 0.12; Pr > χ ² = 0.73). Conclusions: patients treated with sunitinib who express PD-L1, have shown shorter PFS and OS. Its validation as an independent prognostic factor, with regard to other standard clinical parameters, must be considered in order to develop a more tailored approach to treatment decision.
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Background: It is widely known the causal relationship establised between tobacco use and the development of renal cancer is widely known. Nevertheless, the impact of smoking on the ...efficacy and safety of anti-angiogenic drugs is unclear. Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with proven efficacy metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out including 194 mRCC patients (pts) who received Sunitinib in a single Institution (Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias) with a high incidence of this disease. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of the smoking habit on treatment response in terms of progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Most patients presented clear cell histology (92%). Smoking status: 42% (n=82) never‐smoker, and 39% (n=76) former‐smoker and 19% (n=36) current‐smoker. Male predominance 78% (n=145). Median age was 65 (range: 40‐84). Survival analysis favors patients with a history of tobacco use. There was no significant difference in PFS between never‐smoker vs ever-smoker groups: median PFS 8.13 months (95% IC: 4.75‐11.52), vs 12 months (95% IC: 9.97‐14.03) was found respectively (p=0,086). Fewer than 10% developed grade 3 toxicity. A significative improvement in OS in patients ever-smokers: median OS 16.23 months (95% IC: 12.22‐20.25) vs 26.46 months (95% IC: 16.21‐36.73) (p=0.044). The advantage observed in patients with any smoking history became more evident for poor prognosis cases. A median OS 5.03 months (95% IC: 0.84‐9.23) vs 14.03 months (95% IC: 7.81‐20.26). A median PFS 6.4 months (95% IC: 2.53‐10.27) vs 13.33 months (95% IC: 1.14‐26.19) p > 0.05. Conclusions: In this series, tobacco seems to play a role on the efficacy and safety of anti‐angiogenic agents in mRCC. However, additional prospective studies in well‐balanced populations are required to confirm this data.
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Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease, and there are anatomic, functional and molecular differences between the tumors of the proximal and distal ...colorectum. Various molecular phenotypes have been associated with aggressive subtypes in these pathologies, and several of these markers show a relationship with proteoglycans, which in turn show significant alterations in colon tumors, which affect both their core proteins and their glycosaminoglycan chains. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) constitute a family of molecules encoded by 18 distinct genes. They are grouped into five classes and may appear coupled to different glycosaminoglycan chains ––including chondroitin/dermatan sulfate or keratan sulphate–– or not, depending on the specific species. They are ubiquitously expressed in extracellular matrices, and have been found involved in the regulation of organ size and shape during embryonic development. In this study we investigate the expression patterns of SLRPs in right-sided CRCs. Methods: A transcriptomic approach was used, employing qPCR to analyze SLRP core protein transcriptions. Immunohistochemical techniques were also used to analyze tissue expression of particular genes showing significant expression differences of potential interest. Results: Only two proteins displayed significant alterations: biglycan appeared overexpressed approximately 4 fold (p = 0.015), and osteoglycin decreased about 4 fold (p = 0.05). Transcripts for epiphycan, opticin, nyctalopin and podocan-like 1 were not detected in most patients, while chondroadherin was detected in 50% of healthy tissues but not in CRCs. Expression of lumican, decorin, keratocan, asporin, ECM2, fibromodulin, PRELP, tsukushi, podocan and osteoadherin was detected, but with no significant differences compared to healthy tissue. Conclusions: Normal mucosa of the large bowel expresses most SLRPs, and two, biglycan and osteoglycin, appeared altered in right-sided CRCs. These alterations could be related to binding of different ligands and modulation of homeostasis.
La presente investigación titulada estrategias educativas musicales para disminuir la agresividad en los estudiantes de la escuela de educación básica rumiñahui guayaquil-2020 tiene como principal ...objetivo aplicar estrategias musicales y determinar la eficacia de la música instrumental para disminuir los niveles de agresividad de los estudiantes de educación básica superior. La población de la presente investigación llego a estar conformada por los alumnos del nivel de básica superior de la institución y en la muestra participaron 30 estudiantes. Mientras que para recopilar los datos sobre las variables niveles de agresividad se optó por una encuesta de recolección de datos con una escala de valoración de likert. El análisis fue en base a los resultados que se llevó a cabo a través de la tabulación y codificación de la información que se obtuvo al llevar a cabo un tratamiento a través de técnicas de carácter estrictamente estadísticos en el programa spss. Los resultados de la investigación se hicieron por medio de tablas y gráficos, y sus respectivas interpretaciones de cada uno de sus objetivos como también se muestran las conclusiones, recomendaciones, referencias bibliográficas y los anexos como sugerencia del presente estudio. Llegando a la conclusión que la aplicación de las estrategias educativas musicales disminuyó los niveles de agresividad.
El síndrome de activación macrofágica (SAM) es una complicación grave de la artritis idiopática juvenil con forma de comienzo sistémico (AIJ-S).
Describir las características clínicas y la evolución ...de los pacientes con SAM diagnosticados en las unidades de reumatología pediátrica en España.
Se elaboró un protocolo de recogida de datos que se distribuyó a pediatras y reumatólogos que atienden niños con enfermedades reumáticas.
Se recogieron datos de 31 pacientes (16 varones y 15 mujeres) que desarrollaron 37 episodios de SAM. Un total de 27 tuvieron un solo episodio; en 3 casos hubo dos episodios y 1 tuvo cuatro episodios, con intervalos entre ellos de 1 a 33 meses. La media de edad en el primer episodio fue 5,9 años (rango 1-23). El SAM fue la primera manifestación de AIJ-S en 9 casos. El síntoma más frecuente fue la fiebre (97 %), seguido de exantema (49 %), alteraciones neurológicas (41 %) y digestivas (15 %). Los datos analíticos más frecuentes fueron trombocitopenia (78 %) y aumento de las enzimas hepáticas (70 %). En 16 de 30 médulas óseas examinadas se objetivó hemofagocitosis. Todos los episodios menos uno fueron tratados con corticoides. Ciclosporina A fue utilizada en 15 episodios y etopósido, en seis. En un paciente se realizó un trasplante hepático previo al diagnóstico de SAM. El nivel de mortalidad fue del 6,5 % (2/31).
El SAM es una complicación grave, potencialmente fatal, de la AIJ-S. Las alteraciones características de la enfermedad de base dificultan el diagnóstico. La disminución en el recuento de plaquetas y la elevación de las enzimas hepáticas fueron los hallazgos más frecuentes y precoces. Un alto grado de sospecha, un diagnóstico y un tratamiento precoces son esenciales para la resolución del cuadro.
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a severe complication of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA).
To describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients diagnosed with MAS in Spanish pediatric rheumatology units.
A protocol for data collection was designed and distributed to pediatricians and rheumatologists attending children with rheumatic diseases.
Information was available from 31 patients (16 boys and 15 girls) who had 37 MAS episodes. Twenty-seven children had only one episode, three had two episodes and one had four episodes. The interval between episodes ranged from 1 to 33 months. The median age was 5.9 years (range 1-23). MAS was the initial manifestation of sJIA in nine patients. The most frequent symptom was fever (97 %), followed by skin rash (49 %), central nervous system dysfunction (41 %), and gastrointestinal abnormalities (15 %). Abnor-mal laboratory findings included thrombopenia (78 %) and elevated levels of hepatic enzymes (70 %). Hemophagocytosis was confirmed in 16 of 30 bone marrow samples evaluated, 15 with cyclosporine A and six with etoposide. All episodes but one were treated with steroids. One patient received a liver transplant before diagnosis. The mortality rate was 6.5 % (2/31).
MAS is a severe, potentially lethal, complication of sJIA. The clinical and laboratory abnormalities characteristic of sJIA complicate its diagnosis. The earliest and most frequent findings were decreased in platelet count and elevation of hepatic enzymes. A high degree of suspicion as well as early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential in this disease.
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Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease defined by anatomic, functional and molecular differences depending on the primary tumor location (PTL). Several ...molecular phenotypes have been associated with aggressive behavior, and some of these markers are related with proteoglycans, which in turn show alterations in CRC. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are a family of molecules encoded by18 genes that may appear coupled to different glycosaminoglycan chains ––including chondroitin/dermatan or keratan sulphate–– or not, depending on the specific species. They are ubiquitously expressed in extracellular matrices, and it’s been described their role in organ size and shape regulation during embryonic development. This study aims to investigate the expression patterns of SLRPs in CRC depending on the PTL. Methods: A transcriptomic approach was carried out by using qPCR to analyze SLRP core protein transcriptions in 32 tumor specimens and their respective healthy tissue: 12 right-sided & 20 left-sided. When significant differences were detected, immunohistochemical techniques were used to enhance the test. Results: While right-sided (R) CRC displayed significant alterations in 2 genes (biglycan BGN overexpression p = 0.015, osteoglycin OGN underexpression p = 0.048), left-sided (L) showed differences in 5 genes (BGN overexpression p = 0.0019 and underexpression of OGN p = 0.0016, prolargin PRELP p = 0.0049, chondroadherin CHAD p = 0.0180 and podocan PODN p = 0.0061). In L tumors CHAD was the most affected gen underexpressed by 16 times, while in R it was present in only 50% of healthy tissue. Transcripts for opticin and nyctalopin were not detected in most patients regardless of PTL. Lumican, decorin, keratocan, asporin, ECM2, fibromodulin, tsukushi, osteoadherin, osteomodulin, epiphycan and PODN-like 1 were detected with no significant differences compared to healthy tissue. Conclusions: Normal mucosa of the large bowel expresses most SLRP. BGN and OGN seem to be dysregulated in both L and R CRC, but CHAD, PRELP and PODN appear to show differences only in L CRC. These alterations could be related to the interaction with different ligands and modulation of homeostasis.
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Background: SLRP are present in normal and tumor colorectal tissue, with different patterns of expression, being predominant in L CRC. However, due to the small sample the ...differences observed in survival were no statistically significative. These alterations could be related to interactions at the extracellular matrix level. Further prospective and larger analysis are needed for a better comprehension of tumor microenvironment. Aims: To describe SLRP expression pattern by PTL and survival rate. Methods: 32 tumor specimens and their respective healthy tissue (fresh frozen tissue) from primary tumor surgery from the local biobank: 12 right-sided (R) & 20 left-sided (L) CRC. Transcriptomic approach to analyze SLRP core protein transcriptions using RT-PCR in Those with significative differences were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and log rank test. Results: Both sides showed BGN 2-fold overexpression (R p = 0.015, L p = 0.001) and OGN decreased 4-3-fold (R p = 0.038, L p < 0.001). PODNL was only expressed in tumor tissue. Additionally, alterations in other 4 genes in L CRC: PODN 2-fold p = 0.003, CHAD 4-fold p = 0.017, DCN 2fold p = 0.047 and PRELP 3-fold p = 0.003. EPYC was only expressed in 50% of L CRC. No difference in ASPN, FMOD, LUM, ECM2, KERA, OMD, TSK. Neither it was in PRELP for L CRC nor EPYC and DCN in R CRC. No expression of OPTC was found. No significative differences in survival were found. Median relapse-free survival (RFS) was 25 months (mo), 10.75 mo R CRC and 19.47mo L CRC. BGN overexpression (44%) was related with worse RFS (14 vs 19mo), better in L CRC (12 vs 19mo). OGN decrease (17%) showed better RFS (40 vs 16mo) favoring L CRC (21 vs 17mo). Overall survival displayed a similar behavior. Conclusions: SLRP are present in normal and tumor colorectal tissue, with different patterns of expression, being predominant in L CRC. However, due to the small sample the differences observed in survival were no statistically significative. These alterations could be related to interactions at the ECM level. Further prospective and larger studies are needed for a better comprehension of tumor microenvironment.
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