Evolutionary studies indicate that a high proportion of alternative splicing (AS) events are species-specific; just 28% of minor-form alternatively spliced exons are conserved between mice and ...humans. We employed a splicing-sensitive microarray to study the evolution of allele-specific AS in nematodes. We compared splicing levels among five distinct Caenorhabditis elegans lines. Our results indicate that AS is less variable between natural isolates (NIs) from England, Hawaii, and Australia than when compared with mutation accumulation lines (6% vs. 21%, respectively, vary compared with N2). This suggests that strong stabilizing selection shapes the evolution of the ratios of isoforms generated by AS in C. elegans. When we analyzed some of the splicing changes between the NIs, we found examples of changes in both cis and trans that lead to alterations in gene-specific AS. This indicates that both these mechanisms for changing AS are employed along the path toward speciation in nematodes.
Summary
We evaluated the effects of treatments with thermotherapy (80°C for 24 h) and dipping in sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl; 0.8% for 10 min) on the germination percentage, germination rate, vigour ...index and ToMV inactivation of seeds from three pepino (Solarium muricatum) accessions (96–5, B–2 and OV–8) and two wild relatives (S. tabanoense EC–26 and S. caripense EC–40). Thermotherapy decreased the germination percentage (especially in the wild species), germination rate in wild species but not in cultivated pepino, and vigour index in all cases. Sodium hypochlorite increased germination, except for nonthermotreated seeds of OV–8, improved the germination rate in wild species and the vigour index in all cases except for non thermotreated OV–8. Seed coats were altered by both treatments, especially by NaOCl. Thermotherapy was totally effective in the inactivation of seed‐borne ToMV, while NaOCl was not. Thermotherapy combined with NaOCl allows effective seed disinfection of S. muricatum seeds without negatively affecting seed germination. For the wild species, although thermotherapy reduces germination, the higher number of seeds per fruit in these species reduces the magnitude of the problem. Even when no disinfection is necessary, treatments with NaOCl are always advisable as they improve germination.
The pharmacist profession needs its own code of conduct set out in writing to serve as a stimulus to pharmacists in their day-to-day work in the different areas of pharmacy, in conjunction always ...with each individual pharmacist’s personal commitment to their patients, to other healthcare professionals and to society.
An overview is provided of the different codes of ethics for pharmacists on the national and international scale, the most up-to-date code for 2015 being presented as a set of principles which must guide a pharmacutical conduct from the standpoint of deliberative judgment.
The difference between codes of ethics and codes of practice is discussed. In the era of massive-scale collaboration, this code is a project holding bright prospects for the future. Each individual pharmacutical attitude in practicing their profession must be identified with the pursuit of excellence in their own personal practice for the purpose of achieving the ethical and professional values above and beyond complying with regulations and code of practice.
Se necesita un código de conducta propio y escrito, que dinamice la realidad de la profesión farmacéutica en el trabajo cotidiano en sus distintas áreas, siempre como un compromiso individual del farmacéutico con el paciente, con otros profesionales sanitarios y con la sociedad.
Se hace una panorámica de los diversos códigos de ética farmacéutica a nivel nacional e internacional, presentando el más actualizado, de 2015, como un conjunto de principios que debe guiar el comportamiento del farmacéutico desde la prudencia deliberativa.
Se plantea la diferencia ante los códigos de ética y deontología. En la era de la colaboración masiva, el código es un proyecto de futuro de oportunidades. La actitud del farmacéutico en su ejercicio profesional deberá identificarse con la búsqueda de la excelencia en la práctica individual, que tiene como objetivo alcanzar los valores éticos y profesionales que van más allá del cumplimiento de la normativa legal y los códigos deontológicos.
PGs play key regulatory roles in inflammation and immunity. PGD2, released from mast cells and Th2 cells during allergic responses, has recently been shown to target a novel receptor, chemoattractant ...receptor-homologous molecule expressed TH2 cells (CRTH2), in addition to the classic PGD (DP) receptor. CRTH2 is expressed on Th2 cells and eosinophils and mediates chemotaxis of these cells to PGD2. Thus, CRTH2 is thought to be a key receptor mediating eosinophil and Th2 cell recruitment during allergic responses. To examine the role of CRTH2 in this context in vivo, we generated CRTH2 knockout mice. Surprisingly, in an allergic inflammatory model of asthma, CRTH2 knockout mice showed enhanced eosinophil recruitment into the lung compared with wild-type littermate mice. This is consistent with our observation that CRTH2 knockout cells produce significantly higher amounts of IL-5 and IL-3 in vitro. These results suggest a nonredundant role of CRTH2 in restricting eosinophilia and allergic response in vivo.
The recent identification of genes implicated in hereditary recurrent fevers has allowed their specific diagnosis. So far however, only punctual mutations have been identified and a significant ...number of patients remain with no genetic confirmation of their disease after routine molecular approaches such as sequencing. The possible involvement of sequence rearrangements in these patients has only been examined in familial Mediterranean fever and was found to be unlikely. To assess the existence of larger genetic alterations in 3 other concerned genes, MVK (Mevalonate kinase), NLRP3 (Nod like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) and TNFRSF1A (TNF receptor superfamily 1A), we adapted the qPCR-HRM method to study possible intragenic deletions and duplications. This single-tube approach, combining both qualitative (mutations) and quantitative (rearrangement) screening, has proven effective in Lynch syndrome diagnosis. Using this approach, we studied 113 unselected (prospective group) and 88 selected (retrospective group) patients and identified no intragenic rearrangements in the 3 genes. Only qualitative alterations were found with a sensitivity similar to that obtained using classical molecular techniques for screening punctual mutations. Our results support that deleterious copy number alterations in MVK, NLRP3 and TNFRSF1A are rare or absent from the mutational spectrum of hereditary recurrent fevers, and demonstrate that a routine combined method such as qPCR-HRM provides no further help in genetic diagnosis. However, quantitative approaches such as qPCR or SQF-PCR did prove to be quick and effective and could still be useful after non contributory punctual mutation screening in the presence of clinically evocative signs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Malnutrition has received little attention in acute stroke, although it represents a risk of decreased immunity and nosocomial infections. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of ...malnutrition after 1 week of hospitalization in acute stroke and to establish its relation to the stress response and neurological outcome.
The study included 104 patients with an acute stroke of less than 24 hours' duration. Nutritional parameters (triceps skinfold thickness, midarm muscle circumference, serum albumin, and calorimetry) were evaluated at admission and after 1 week. Stress response (free urinary cortisol) was measured daily during the first week. Neurological deficit was evaluated by the Canadian Stroke Scale. Clinical outcome was estimated by the Barthel Index 1 month after the acute stroke. Patients received an oral standard diet or polymeric enteral nutrition when they had swallowing difficulties.
Protein-energy malnutrition was observed in 16.3% of patients at inclusion and in 26.4% after the first week, with a significant decrease in fat (P = .002) and visceral protein compartments (P = .049). Malnourished patients showed higher stress reaction and increased frequency of infections and bedsores in comparison with the appropriately nourished group. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that malnutrition after 1 week (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 10.2) and elevated free urinary cortisol (odds ratio, 3.3; confidence interval, 1.05 to 10.2) increased the risk of poor outcome (death or Barthel Index < or = 50 on the 30th day of follow-up) independently of age and nutritional status at admission.
Our findings suggest that protein-energy malnutrition after acute stroke is a risk factor for poor outcome. Early appropriate enteral caloric feeding did not prevent malnutrition during the first week of hospitalization.
Resistant Capsicum chinense accessions PI-152225 and PI-159236 and the susceptible cultivar 'Negral' of Capsicum annuum were used in three experiments to characterize the resistance to tomato spotted ...wilt virus (TSWV) in these materials. In the first experiment viral movement in the whole plant was studied at two growth stages (2- and 4-leaf stage). In the second experiment the movement within the inoculated leaf was analysed at three growth stages (2-, 3-, and 4-leaf stage). Two techniques were used in this assay: double antibody sandwich -- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and direct tissue blotting (DTB). In the latter experiment viral accumulation in different types of samples was evaluated by DAS-ELISA. The DTB technique showed that viral movement within the inoculated leaf is restricted in the resistant plants. The inoculated area was not totally infected in resistant accessions and slower viral movement within the inoculated area was observed. Detection of weak ELISA positives in inoculated and adjacent areas in resistant plants might not be caused by a lower viral replication, but may result from a low foliar area affected by the virus, as viral movement was restricted in certain areas around the necrotic lesions. However, ELISA absorbance values of the necrotic lesions were similar to the values of infected tissue of 'Negral'. These observations point to a restricted viral cell-to-cell movement in the resistant accessions.
Mechanical inoculation and transmission by thrips in a growth chamber were used in order to screen Lycopersicon peruvianumand Lycopersicon chilense germplasm for tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) ...resistance. Two highly aggressive Spanish TSWV isolates (HA‐931100 and T‐941117), having different restrictotypes were used. L. peruvianum accessions PI‐126935, PI‐126944, CIAPAN 16, PE‐18 and CIAPAN 17 showed high resistance to both isolates in mechanical and thrips transmission. Their resistance appears useful in breeding programmes.
In this article, some of the results obtained from an investigation aiming to characterize the different models that in Spain and Spanish America developed from original “corridor houses” are ...presented. This research aims to design valid solutions allowing the adaptation of these houses to habitability current criteria. Specifically, results obtained from the characterization resulting from: date of building, dimensions and shape, and type of the yard and its relationship with corridors in 286 “corridor houses” in Embajadores neighborhood, in Madrid, and 213 so called “ciudadelas” inside the Historic Centre in Havana, are presented. As a conclusion, great coincidences have been found in both of the models. So that, it can be said that this is about a typological model, characteristic of ancient and popular neighborhoods, with such a high presence that it turns out impossible to explain the urban weave without considering their fundamental role in “filling” blocks.
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