The use of the time gating technique for lifetime reconstruction in the Fourier domain is a novel technique. Time gating provides sufficient data points in the time domain for reliable application of ...the Fourier transform, which is essential for the time deconvolution of the system of the integral equations employed in the reconstruction. The Fourier domain telegraph equation is employed to model the light transport, which allows a sufficiently broad interval of frequencies to be covered. Reconstructed images contain enough information needed for recovering the lifetime distribution in a sample for any given frequency within the megahertz-gigahertz band. The use of this technique is essential for recovering time-dependent information in fluorescence imaging. This technique was applied in reconstruction of the lifetime distribution of four tubes filled with Rhodamine 6G embedded inside a highly scattering slab. Relatively accurate fluorescence lifetime reconstruction demonstrates the effectiveness and the potential of the proposed technique.
•An approximation to the nonlinear radiative transfer equation is considered in the context of magnetohydrodynamics.•The Doppler frequency shift results in the additional Compton plasma heating term, ...which may not be negligible in the case of dense high temperature plasma.•Radiation-plasma coupling has a damping effect of small scale instabilities and modifies the shock wave structure.
An approximation to the nonlinear radiative transfer equation is considered in the context of magnetohydrodynamics. This approximation retains nonlinear terms which are responsible for the Compton plasma heating in addition to the radiation cooling. The effect is studied numerically. In particular, the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability and the Dai-Woodward case are modeled. It is shown that radiation-plasma coupling results in damping of small scale instabilities and alters the shock wave structure.
Charged particle multiplicity distributions in positron-proton deep inelastic scattering at a centre-of-mass energy
s
=
319
GeV are measured. The data are collected with the H1 detector at HERA ...corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 136 pb
-
1
. Charged particle multiplicities are measured as a function of photon virtuality
Q
2
, inelasticity
y
and pseudorapidity
η
in the laboratory and the hadronic centre-of-mass frames. Predictions from different Monte Carlo models are compared to the data. The first and second moments of the multiplicity distributions are determined and the KNO scaling behaviour is investigated. The multiplicity distributions as a function of
Q
2
and the Bjorken variable
x
bj
are converted to the hadron entropy
S
hadron
, and predictions from a quantum entanglement model are tested.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The variability of frequency spectra of waves is considered; for example, the dependencies of integral and spectral parameters of waves on wave-development factors and the interrelationships of the ...parameters are examined. Also studied is the transformation of the frequency spectrum shape in the course of its development, as well as the transition from the spectrum of developing waves to the spectrum of fully developed waves. Data were obtained in situ with common methods during a long-term program in the Black Sea. The variability of the spectrum of developing waves, as a function of the stage of wave development, is described on the basis of field data using estimates of parameters for the spectrum form of the JONSWAP type. A novel approximation of the equilibrium interval level dependence on the dimensionless peak frequency f super( similar to ) sub(m) is obtained, which includes periods of stable and changeable behavior of the spectrum level. Transformation of the spectrum of wind-generated waves related to the development of the wave field in terms of the JONSWAP spectrum form is obtained. Continuous transition to the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum is described. An approximation of the dependence of the enhancement coefficient gamma on wave development stage f super( similar to ) sub(m) is suggested, which describes continuous variation of the coefficient gamma for all wave ages. Self-similarity of the spectrum of developing waves is not observed.
Aim Over the last two decades, thousands of northward migrating ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) have disappeared from western European staging sites. These migratory ruffs were partly temperate breeding ...birds, but most individuals head towards the Eurasian Arctic tundras where 95% of the global population breeds. This regional decline may represent either: (1) local loss of breeding birds in western Europe, (2) a global decline, (3) shift(s) in distribution or (4) a combination of these. Location Northern Eurasia. Methods To put the declines in western Europe in context, we analysed Arctic monitoring data from the last two decades (Soloviev & Tomkovich, 2009) to detect changes in regional breeding densities across northern Eurasia. We used a novel approach applying generalized additive modelling (GAM) and generalized estimations equations (GEE). Results We show that the global breeding population of ruffs has made a significant eastwards shift into the Asian part of the breeding range. In the European Arctic, ruffs decreased during the last 18 years. At the same time, in western Siberia, ruffs increased. In eastern Siberia, no significant population changes could be detected. These changes corroborate the finding that during northward migration, growing numbers of ruffs avoided staging areas in the Netherlands and Sweden and started migrating along a more easterly route leading into western Siberia. Main conclusions We detected an unprecedented large-scale population redistribution of ruffs and suggest that this is a response to loss of habitat quality at the traditional staging site in the Netherlands.
A precision measurement of jet cross sections in neutral current deep-inelastic scattering for photon virtualities
5.5
<
Q
2
<
80
GeV
2
and inelasticities
0.2
<
y
<
0.6
is presented, using data taken ...with the H1 detector at HERA, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of
290
pb
-
1
. Double-differential inclusive jet, dijet and trijet cross sections are measured simultaneously and are presented as a function of jet transverse momentum observables and as a function of
Q
2
. Jet cross sections normalised to the inclusive neutral current DIS cross section in the respective
Q
2
-interval are also determined. Previous results of inclusive jet cross sections in the range
150
<
Q
2
<
15
,
000
GeV
2
are extended to low transverse jet momenta
5
<
P
T
jet
<
7
GeV
. The data are compared to predictions from perturbative QCD in next-to-leading order in the strong coupling, in approximate next-to-next-to-leading order and in full next-to-next-to-leading order. Using also the recently published H1 jet data at high values of
Q
2
, the strong coupling constant
α
s
(
M
Z
)
is determined in next-to-leading order.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Three-dimensional phosphorescence lifetime imaging is a novel method for the mapping of oxygen concentration in biological tissues. We present reconstruction techniques for recovering phosphorescent ...objects in highly scattering media based on the telegraph equation and two regularization methods, i.e., the Tikhonov-Phillips regularization and the maximum entropy method. Theoretical results are experimentally validated, and the reconstructed images of phosphorescent objects rendering oxygen maps in a layer are presented.
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful biological tool for reading out cell signaling processes. In vivo use of FRET is challenging because of the scattering properties of bulk ...tissue. By combining diffuse fluorescence tomography with fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), implemented using wide-field time-gated detection of fluorescence excited by ultrashort laser pulses in a tomographic imaging system and applying inverse scattering algorithms, we can reconstruct the three dimensional spatial localization of fluorescence quantum efficiency and lifetime. We demonstrate in vivo spatial mapping of FRET between genetically expressed fluorescent proteins in live mice read out using FLIM. Following transfection by electroporation, mouse hind leg muscles were imaged in vivo and the emission of free donor (eGFP) in the presence of free acceptor (mCherry) could be clearly distinguished from the fluorescence of the donor when directly linked to the acceptor in a tandem (eGFP-mCherry) FRET construct.
We report a three-dimensional time-resolved tomographic imaging technique for localizing protein-protein interaction and protein conformational changes in turbid media based on Förster resonant ...energy-transfer read out using fluorescence lifetime. This application of "tomoFRET" employs an inverse scattering algorithm utilizing the diffusion approximation to the radiative-transfer equation applied to a large tomographic data set of time-gated images. The approach is demonstrated by imaging a highly scattering cylindrical phantom within which are two thin wells containing cytosol preparations of HEK293 cells expressing TN-L15, a cytosolic genetically encoded calcium Förster resonant energy-transfer sensor. A 10 mM calcium chloride solution was added to one of the wells, inducing a protein conformation change upon binding to TN-L15, resulting in Förster resonant energy transfer and a corresponding decrease in the donor fluorescence lifetime. We successfully reconstruct spatially resolved maps of the resulting fluorescence lifetime distribution as well as of the quantum efficiency, absorption, and scattering coefficients.
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