Fruit flies are significant insect pests, worldwide. Tephritid species diversity and their seasonal abundance were investigated over 2 yr (May 2017 to May 2019) in Western Burkina Faso. A mass ...trapping experiment consisting of 288TephriTrap types, operating with four types of parapheromones comprising methyl eugenol, terpinyl acetate, trimedlure, and cue lure and an insecticide (Dichlorvos), was used for attracting and killing insects. Plant formations including natural fallows, mango orchards, and agroforestry parks in each of the six study sites were selected for data collection.Twenty-nine tephritid species belonging to 10 genera were identified. Fourteen fruit fly species were identified for the first time in Burkina Faso. The genera Ceratitis MacLeay (Diptera:Tephritidae) and Dacus Fabricius (Diptera:Tephritidae) with, respectively, 14 and 7 species recorded were the most represented. The dominant species caught was the invasive Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) followed by Ceratitis cosyraWalker (Diptera:Tephritidae) and Ceratitis silvestrii Bezzi (Diptera:Tephritidae).The fruit fly population density was very high during the rainy season, with peaks occurring in June or July.The fruit fly species were generally more abundant during the hot and rainy seasons than during the cold and dry seasons. The highest diversity was recorded in natural fallows, as compared with the mango orchards and agroforestry parks. Tephritid species found refuge in the mango orchards during the dry and cold periods.The results of that investigation may be used for developing a sustainable pest management strategy for commercial orchards.
Abstract
Due to their potential applications for food safety, there is a growing interest in rice root-associated microbial communities, but some systems remain understudied. Here, we compare the ...assemblage of root-associated microbiota in rice sampled in 19 small farmer's fields from irrigated and rainfed lowlands in Burkina Faso, using an amplicon metabarcoding approach of the 16S rRNA gene (prokaryotes, three plant samples per field) and ITS (fungi, one sample per field). In addition to the expected structure by root compartments (root vs rhizosphere) and geographical zones, we showed that the rice production system is a major driver of microbiome structure. In irrigated systems, we found a higher diversity of prokaryotic communities from the rhizosphere and more complex co-occurrence networks, compared to rainfed lowlands, while fungal communities exhibited an opposite pattern (higher richness in rainfed lowlands). Core taxa were different between the two systems, and indicator species were identified: mostly within Bacillaceae in rainfed lowlands, and within Burkholderiaceae and Moraxellaceae in irrigated areas. Finally, a higher abundance in rainfed lowlands was found for mycorrhizal fungi (both compartments) and rhizobia (rhizosphere only). Our results highlight deep microbiome differences induced by contrasted rice production systems that should consequently be considered for microbial engineering applications.
Irrigated rice and rainfed lowlands harbor contrasted root-associated microbiomes in small farmer's fields from Burkina Faso, with contrasted richness, and peculiar indicator taxa in each system.
Flavonoids due to their various interesting biological properties such as antifungal activity were investigated in Mentha piperita leaves. The butanolic fraction obtained from the hydro-alcoholic ...crude extract of M. piperita is rich in flavonoids; it reduced in vitro the mycelium growth of Phoma sorghina and Fusarium moniliforme around 72% and 55%, respectively, when used at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In addition, the chemical conversion of the flavonoids in the butanolic fraction into their oxime derivatives increased the antifungal activity since the percentage of inhibition increased to 84% and 65% against P. sorghina and F. moniliforme, respectively, at 5 mg/ml. Butanolic fraction and oxime inhibition effects on spore germination of the two fungi were also observed. These results suggest that, M. piperita flavonoids could be used as botanical fungicides to protect cereals against infection from P. sorghina and F. moniliforme.
Les flavonoïdes, connus pour leurs multiples propriétés biologiques telles que l’activité antifongique, ont été recherchés dans les feuilles de Mentha piperita. L’extrait butanolique riche en flavonoïdes obtenu à partir de l’extrait hydro-alcoolique brut de M. piperita réduit la croissance mycélienne du Phoma sorghina et Fusarium moniliforme de 74% et 52%, respectivement, à une concentration de 5 mg/ml. De plus, la conversion de ces flavonoïdes contenus dans l’extrait butanolique en dérivé oxime améliore les propriétés antifongiques, puisque les pourcentages d’inhibition augmentent jusqu’à 84% and 65%, respectivement, contre P. sorghina and F. moniliforme. L’effet d’inhibition de la fraction butanolique sur la germination des spores de ces deux champignons a aussi été observé. Ces résultats montrent que M. piperita pourrait être utilisé comme fongicide botanique pour la protection des céréales contre l’infection par P. sorghina et F. moniliforme.
Introduction. La chenille légionnaire d'automne Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) est un insecte vorace et généraliste originaire d'Amérique. Il a été détecté pour la premiere ...fois en Afrique de l'Ouest en 2016 et s'est rapidement répandu sur tout le continent. L'utilisation indiscriminée d'insecticides chimiques présente des risques pour la santé humaine et menace les rares ennemis naturels présents dans ces environnements. Malgré l'existence de mesures de lutte alternatives en Amérique (par exemple, le mais génétiquement modifié), des efforts sont nécessaires pour développer des approches respectueuses de l'environnement, abordables pour les petits exploitants et compatibles avec le contexte africain. Littérature. Dans cette revue de la littérature, nous décrivons le potentiel des méthodes de contróle alternatives disponibles qui incluent des méthodes culturales, physiques, biologiques et semi-chimiques. Le potentiel de leur association est discuté en tenant compte de leur équilibre coút-bénéfice et du contexte économique et agricole local. Conclusions. Plusieurs options d'atténuation abordables pourraient etre mises en œuvre rapidement, en attendant des efforts de communication appropriés, notamment (i) la promotion des ennemis naturels indigenes en favorisant les refuges et en formant les petits exploitants a leur identification ; (ii) les méthodes culturales, principalement en plantant directement apres les premieres pluies, ainsi qu'en pratiquant l'association culturale et la rotation des cultures ; (iii) l'utilisation de biopesticides microbiens, et en évitant certains des insecticides chimiques inefficaces déja identifiés.
Multiple constraints affect rice yields in West Africa. Among these constraints are viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. We aimed to describe the spatiotemporal patterns of occurrence and ...incidence of multiple rice diseases in farmers' fields in contrasting rice growing systems in the western Burkina Faso. For this purpose, we selected a set of three pairs of sites, each comprising an irrigated area and a neighboring rainfed lowland, and studied them over four consecutive years. We first performed interviews with the rice farmers to better characterize the management practices at the different sites. This study revealed that the transplanting of rice and the possibility of growing rice twice a year are restricted to irrigated areas, while other practices, such as the use of registered rice cultivars, fertilization, and pesticides, are not specific but differ between the two rice growing systems. Then, we performed symptom observations at these study sites to monitor the following four diseases: yellow mottle disease, Bacterial Leaf Streak (BLS), rice leaf blast, and brown spot. The infection rates were found to be higher in irrigated areas than in rainfed lowlands, both when analyzing all observed symptoms together (any of the four diseases) and when specifically considering each of the two diseases: BLS and rice leaf blast. Brown spot was particularly prevalent in all six study sites, while yellow mottle disease was particularly structured geographically. Various diseases were frequently found together in the same field (co-occurrence) or even on the same plant (coinfection), especially in irrigated areas.
Larvae of Hermetia illucens are a valuable source of protein for animal feed that can be produced by exposing animal and agro-industrial wastes to naturally occurring flies. The objective of this ...study was to improve techniques for obtaining H. illucens larvae to feed livestock in Burkina Faso. An experiment was conducted to determine the most favourable substrates and seasons for larval production. The substrates used were poultry manure, local beer waste, local beer waste mixed with poultry manure, cottonseed cake, and industrial brewery waste mixed with poultry manure. The production of larvae was carried out in four different seasons. The effect of the container’s oviposition area (0.07 m2, 0.09 m2, and 0.11 m2) and the type of container (terracotta, plastic, and iron) on larval production was also assessed. The produced larval biomass was high during, or just after, the rainy season but very low during the cool dry and hot dry seasons. Yields were higher with local beer waste mixed with poultry manure followed by local beer waste and cottonseed cake. The average mass of H. illucens larvae increased slightly with the oviposition area for the same amount of substrate. Iron and terracotta containers provided better results than plastic containers. The suitability of this production method for H. illucens larvae production is discussed.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Description du sujet. La chenille légionnaire d'automne Spodoptera frugiperda Smith a récemment envahi les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne où elle cause des pertes importantes au maïs depuis 2016. ...Objectifs. Dans cette étude, nous avons examiné les connaissances des agriculteurs sur la chenille légionnaire d'automne, les modifications de pratiques de gestion des bioagresseurs et la sécurité liée à l'utilisation des insecticides que les agriculteurs utilisent depuis l'invasion récente du ravageur au Burkina Faso. Méthode. Les données ont été collectées au travers d'une large enquête menée auprès de 197 producteurs de maïs. Résultats. La majorité des agriculteurs (96%) ont été victimes de l'invasion de la chenille légionnaire d'automne, principalement sur le maïs, mais également sur le sorgho et le riz. Très peu (7 %) utilisaient des insecticides dans cette culture avant l'arrivée du ravageur. Depuis, 84 % d'entre eux utilisent des insecticides chimiques, mais des mesures variées ont également été mises en place : des pratiques culturales (48 %) telles que les semis précoces, associations culturales et fertilisation ; la lutte physique (29 %, écrasement des larves, application de sable et cendre de bois) et des applications d'extraits aqueux d'Azadirachta indica et Khaya senegalensis (12 %). La plupart des agriculteurs n'utilisent pas d'équipement de protection individuelle lors de la manipulation des insecticides. Bien qu'ils puissent nommer plusieurs ennemis naturels de la chenille légionnaire d'automne sur la base des photographies qui leur sont présentées, ils sont généralement incapables de décrire leur rôle bénéfique. Conclusions. Nous recommandons d'évaluer l'efficacité des alternatives aux insecticides chimiques, de publier des informations sur les substances disponibles localement qui contrôlent efficacement la chenille légionnaire d'automne, et de former les agriculteurs aux bonnes méthodes d'application des insecticides et à la reconnaissance des ennemis naturels.
This study aimed to promote the use of termites as feed in traditional poultry farming by developing sustainable and inexpensive termite trapping techniques. Various tests were carried out in Burkina ...Faso to improve the traditional technique of trapping termites of the genus
using a reversed container filled with organic matters. We studied the effect of containers' types, substrates, habitats, harvesting times, duration of trap deposition, and season on the quantity of termites trapped. Calabashes and terra cotta pots trapped more termites than iron boxes, but calabashes were quickly destroyed by termites. The quantity of termites harvested increased proportionally with the volume of the pot and was higher in a cultivated habitat than in a forest, despite the higher number of termite mounds in the forest. The quantity of termites harvested was lowest in the cold-dry season and highest during the rainy season, however, sizeable amounts of termites were collected throughout the year. Among six substrates and mixtures of substrates tested, maize cobs trapped the highest number of termites and cow dung the lowest. The best time of harvest varied among seasons and, if substrates are abundant, it is more efficient to empty the containers on a daily basis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Description du sujet. La chenille légionnaire d'automne Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) est un ravageur majeur des cultures céréalières de base établi en Afrique de ...l'Ouest depuis 2016. Récemment, des perceoreilles ont été observés consommant des stades immatures de S. frugiperda dans des champs de maïs. Objectifs. Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué le potentiel du perce-oreille Diaperasticus erythrocephalus (Olivier) (Dermaptera : Forficulidae) à consommer les oeufs et les larves de la chenille légionnaire d'automne au laboratoire. En outre, nous avons comparé la sélectivité de dix bio- et insecticides les plus utilisés sur cette espèce prédatrice ainsi que sur sa proie afin d'identifier les produits compatibles dans une stratégie de lutte intégrée. Méthode. La prédation a été évaluée en nourrissant des perce-oreilles ad libitum et les tests de susceptibilité en suivant le protocole adapté IRAC 020. Résultats. Nos résultats suggèrent que les perce-oreilles jouent un rôle important dans la régulation de la chenille légionnaire d'automne : un individu consomme en moyenne 90,3 ± 16,5 oeufs ou 36,4 ± 8,7 larves par jour. Nous avons constaté que l'émamectine benzoate et le spinétorame sont efficaces pour lutter contre la chenille légionnaire d'automne sans affecter la survie de ce prédateur. En revanche, le chlorpyrifos-éthyl, le méthomyl et le spinosad sont non seulement efficaces contre le ravageur, mais aussi très toxiques pour le prédateur. Conclusions. Nous discutons du potentiel de ces résultats dans le développement d'un programme de lutte intégrée contre ce ravageur envahissant. En particulier, nous recommandons de former les agriculteurs à la reconnaissance des ennemis naturels et aux pratiques de leur conservation.
Termites are commonly used by smallholder farmers in West Africa to feed their poultry. A survey was carried out among poultry farmers in Burkina Faso to gather knowledge on the traditional methods ...used to obtain termites for poultry feed, to assess which termite genera are collected with which techniques and evaluate prospects for optimising and improving the collection and trapping methods. Data were collected among 1100 poultry farmers in eight regions of Burkina Faso on the harvesting techniques, the termite species and their local names as well as on the use of residues. After the interviews, termite samples were collected with the farmers and identified in the laboratory. At least five termite species were found. Species of the genera
Odontotermes
,
Trinervitermes
and
Macrotermes
are commonly given to chickens and guinea fowls whereas a
Cubitermes
species is sometimes used to feed guinea fowls. Two categories of methods are used to obtain termites, the direct collection by breaking termite mounds and the trapping of termites in containers filled with organic matters. The harvesting method varies with the termite genus, the region and the season. Different techniques with various types of containers and organic matters are used in the country and these techniques should be tested and compared to recommend the most efficient ones. The enhancement of termite trapping methods and their integration in poultry feed have the potential to significantly improve traditional poultry farming in Burkina Faso.
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