Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is one of the most famous vegetables worldwide, rich in essential metabolites for various health benefits. It is a valuable plant source that has the potential to be a ...nutraceutical. This study aimed to evaluate the single characteristic marker compound to establish the validation of HPLC-DAD methods applied to the development of a nutraceutical using spinach samples. Six metabolites (1–6) were identified from the spinach samples such as freeze-dried spinach (FDS) and spinach extract concentrate (SEC) by LC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Among the six metabolites, 3′,4′,5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavone 4′-glucuronide (TMG) was selected as a marker compound due to its highest abundance and high selectivity. The specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision, repeatability, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of TMG in the spinach samples (FDS and SEC) were validated according to AOAC international guideline. The specificity was confirmed by monitoring the well separation of the marker compound from other compounds of spinach samples in the base peak intensity (BPI) and ultraviolet (UV) chromatogram. The calibration curve of TMG (15.625~500 μg/mL) had reasonable linearity (R2 = 0.999) considered with LOD and LOQ values, respectively. Recovery rate of TMG was 93–101% for FDS and 90–95% for SEC. The precision was less than 3 and 6% in the intraday and interday. As a result, the HPLC-DAD validation method of TMG in the spinach samples (FDS and SEC) was first established with AOAC and KFDA regulations for approving functional ingredients in functional foods.
This study aimed to isolate bacterial neuraminidase (BNA) inhibitory O-methylated quercetin derivatives from the aerial parts of
. All the isolated compounds were identified as O-methylated quercetin ...(
-
), which were exhibited to be noncompetitive inhibitors against BNA, with IC
ranging from 14.0 to 84.1 μM. The responsible compounds (
-
) showed a significant correlation between BNA inhibitory effects and the number of O-methyl groups on quercetin; mono (
, IC
= 14.0 μM) > di (
and
, IC
= 24.3 and 25.8 μM) > tri (
, IC
= 84.1 μM). In addition, the binding affinities between BNA and inhibitors (
-
) were also examined by fluorescence quenching effect with the related constants (
,
, and
). The most active inhibitor
possessed a
with 0.0252 × 10
L mol
. Furthermore, the relative distribution of BNA inhibitory O-methylated quercetins (
-
) in
extract was evaluated using LC-Q-TOF/MS analysis.
Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJN) is grown mainly in the warm regions of South Korea. It is a high-value medicinal plant with various pharmacological effects, including joint protection, obesity ...prevention, and diabetes prevention. AJN is a plant mainly valued for its roots, and it takes approximately two years from sowing before the roots can be harvested. Therefore, this study sought to develop better AJN cultivation technology in a microgreen form in a vertical farm and to confirm the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity according to the sowing amount. After soaking the seeds for three days, they were sown in a growing tray with drain holes (31.5 × 23 × 7.5 cm, L × W × H) filled with a commercial ginseng soil mix medium and subjected to experimentation.
AJN seedlings which had been germinated in the dark for four days were grown in a vertical farm.
The treatment groups were tested at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g. As the sowing amount was increased, the fresh and dry weights increased. Meanwhile, the fresh weight relative to the sowing amount showed the greatest efficiency at 0.5 and 1.0 g. Depending on the sowing amount the phenol content was highest at 0.5 g, and the flavonoid content was highest at 0.5 and 1.0 g. Based on previous results, it was appropriate to sow at 1.0 g or less considering growth for economic feasibility; therefore, sowing at 14 g or less per m2 was determined to be appropriate here. It was confirmed that 20-hydroxyecdysone, the main secondary metabolite of mature AJN, was also present in microgreen AJN; 20E in microgreen AJN grown in the vertical farm was higher than the level in mature leaves and stems grown in the open field, but the level in mature roots was approximately 2.1 times higher than in the microgreens. These results show that microgreen AJN is a valuable plant material. KCI Citation Count: 0
Dendranthema zawadskii is a one of the popular plants as native in South Korea. In this study, linarin was isolated and purified using silica-gel, Diaion, and Sephadex LH-20 from the aerial parts of ...D. zawadskii. The chemical structure was completely identified through spectroscopic data including 1D, 2D nucleic magnetic resonance, and HRFABMS. Furthermore, linarin inhibited the bacterial neuraminidase (BNA) activity with 13.5 μM of IC50 dose-dependently. Through the enzyme kinetic experiments, linarin as BNA inhibitor exhibited a typical noncompetitive inhibition mode which Km was contestant and Vmax decreased as the concentration of the inhibitor increased. It was further identified that the inhibition constant was 16.0 μM.
Linarin was the most abundance metabolite in the aerial part of D.
zawadskii extract by UHPLC-TOF/MS analysis. Therefore, D.
zawadskii and its main component are expected that it can be effectively used for the infection and inflammation caused by bacteria. KCI Citation Count: 0
In this study, a microbial strain was isolated from humus soil to ferment Sophora flavescens and Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus extracts. The isolated microbial was identified as the Bacillus genus by ...16S rRNA sequence analysis. The fermented plant extracts exhibited antifungal effects against four types plant pathogen, P. carotorum, B. cinerea, C. fructicola Sau-3, and C. gloeosporioides, according to incubation time. In particular, the fermented plant extracts showed the most activity for Colletotrichum genus in inhibiting mycelium growth. Metabolite changes in fermented S. flavescens and E. sessiliflorus extracts were confirmed through LC-Q-TOF/MS. Flavonoid and peptide derivatives were improved in fermented S. flavescens and E. sessiliflorus extracts compared to their unfermented counterparts. This study suggested that isolated Bacillus microbial fermentation could be a valuable tool in improving the bioactivity of S. flavescens and E. sessiliflorus extracts, with the potential to form more environmentally friendly antifungal agents.
Eucalyptus globulus leaves contain various types of phenolic metabolites related to their antioxidant effects such as acids, catechin, flavonoids, and others. To optimize its antioxidative phenolic ...contents, E. globulus was extracted under various solvent conditions using 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 100% ethanol. The 50% ethanol extract possessed the highest content of total phenolics with 497.7 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g extract. In contrast, the highest content of total flavonoids was evaluated in the 100% ethanol extract, having 169.3 mg QE (quercetin equivalent)/g extract. The antioxidant activity of various extraction conditions was assessed against the radical scavenging effect of DPPH (SC50 = 188.2~5841.7 μg/mL) and ABTS (SC50 = 14.2~171.3 μg/mL). The major chemical composition of E. globulus leaves was identified as including salicylic acid β-D-glucuronide (1), chlorogenic acid (2), epicatechin (3), 2″-O-galloylhyperin (4), isoquercitrin (5), isorhapontin (6), quercitrin (7), and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (8) using LC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Among them, the identified metabolites were clarified and their contents in the extracts were calculated via quantitative analysis using HPLC at 254 nm. The flavonoids (4, 5, 7, and 8) were determined to have an influence on the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity of E. globulus leaves. The results suggested that optimizing the extraction conditions can result in appropriate chemical composition and antioxidant activity.
This study aimed to isolate bacterial neuraminidase (BNA) inhibitory O-methylated quercetin derivatives from the aerial parts of S. pubescens. All the isolated compounds were identified as ...O-methylated quercetin (1–4), which were exhibited to be noncompetitive inhibitors against BNA, with ICsub.50 ranging from 14.0 to 84.1 μM. The responsible compounds (1–4) showed a significant correlation between BNA inhibitory effects and the number of O-methyl groups on quercetin; mono (1, ICsub.50 = 14.0 μM) > di (2 and 3, ICsub.50 = 24.3 and 25.8 μM) > tri (4, ICsub.50 = 84.1 μM). In addition, the binding affinities between BNA and inhibitors (1–4) were also examined by fluorescence quenching effect with the related constants (Ksub.SV, Ksub.A, and n). The most active inhibitor 1 possessed a Ksub.SV with 0.0252 × 10sup.5 L molsup.−1. Furthermore, the relative distribution of BNA inhibitory O-methylated quercetins (1–4) in S. pubescens extract was evaluated using LC-Q-TOF/MS analysis.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors cause insect death by preventing the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which overstimulates the nervous system. In this study, isorhapontin, ...isolated from E. globulus leaves, was evaluated as a natural insecticide with AChE inhibition at 12.5 μM. Using kinetic analyses, we found that isorhapontin acted as a competitive inhibitor that binds to the active site of AChE. The inhibition constant (Ki) was 6.1 μM. Furthermore, isorhapontin and resveratrol, which have basic skeletons, were predicted to bind to the active site of AChE via molecular docking. A comparison of the hydrogen bonding between the two stilbenes revealed characteristic differences in their interactions with amino acids. In isorhapontin, Trp83, Gly149, Tyr162, Tyr324, and Tyr370 interacted with the sugar moiety. These results suggest that with further development, isorhapontin can be used as an insecticide alternative.
Display omitted
•Evaluation of insecticide potential of isorhapontin as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor•Discovery of new utilization value of waste eucalyptus globulus leaves•Isorhapontin inhibits AChE with competitive modes (Ki = 6.1 μM)•Investigation of binding affinity between AChE and isorhapontin using MD
Dendranthema zawadskii is a one of the popular plants as native in South Korea. In this study, linarin was isolated and purified using silica-gel, Diaion, and Sephadex LH-20 from the aerial parts of ...D. zawadskii. The chemical structure was completely identified through spectroscopic data including 1D, 2D nucleic magnetic resonance, and HRFABMS. Furthermore, linarin inhibited the bacterial neuraminidase (BNA) activity with 13.5 μM of IC 50 dose-dependently. Through the enzyme kinetic experiments, linarin as BNA inhibitor exhibited a typical noncompetitive inhibition mode which K m was contestant and V max decreased as the concentration of the inhibitor increased. It was further identified that the inhibition constant was 16.0 μM. Linarin was the most abundance metabolite in the aerial part of D. zawadskii extract by UHPLC-TOF/MS analysis. Therefore, D. zawadskii and its main component are expected that it can be effectively used for the infection and inflammation caused by bacteria.
In this study, a microbial strain was isolated from humus soil to ferment Sophora flavescens and Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus extracts. The isolated microbial was identified as the Bacillus genus by ...16S rRNA sequence analysis. The fermented plant extracts exhibited antifungal effects against four types plant pathogen, P. carotorum, B. cinerea, C. fructicola Sau-3, and C. gloeosporioides, according to incubation time. In particular, the fermented plant extracts showed the most activity for Colletotrichum genus in inhibiting mycelium growth. Metabolite changes in fermented S. flavescens and E. sessiliflorus extracts were confirmed through LC-Q-TOF/MS. Flavonoid and peptide derivatives were improved in fermented S. flavescens and E. sessiliflorus extracts compared to their unfermented counterparts. This study suggested that isolated Bacillus microbial fermentation could be a valuable tool in improving the bioactivity of S. flavescens and E. sessiliflorus extracts, with the potential to form more environmentally friendly antifungal agents.
