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•MMA can be efficiently recycled in waste AMP using SC methanol.•MMA recovery was advantageous at low temperatures of 573 K.•Changes in inorganic substances occurred less in SC ...methanol.
Waste artificial marble powder (AMP), a composite material of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and aluminum tri hydroxide (ATH; Al(OH)3), was recycled using supercritical fluids, in which the depolymerization and thermal decomposition of organic materials and the dehydration of inorganic substances occur simultaneously. For PMMA depolymerization in AMP, higher temperatures are required than for PMMA alone, because of the ATH in AMP. Moreover, as Al(OH)3 transforms to alumina (Al2O3), the generated water influences the methyl methacrylate (MMA) yield. In supercritical methanol, MMA is a major product, whereas in sub- and supercritical water, methacrylic acid (MAA) is the main product. The highest yield of MMA was obtained at 573 K in supercritical methanol. The excess methanol in supercritical methanol suppresses the hydrolysis of MMA to MAA, a reaction that reduces the yield of MMA in sub- and supercritical water. MMA was depolymerized in supercritical methanol, but when the reaction proceeded further, the yield of MMA decreased due to thermal decomposition and/or other chemical reactions. While ATH was converted to boehmite (AlOOH) in sub- and supercritical water, the transformation of ATH was minimized in supercritical methanol.
Song, D.S; Kim, G.Y., and Lee, J.L., 2016. Quantitative behaviour characteristics analysis of GPS buoy in rip current generation. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. ...(eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 1242 - 1246. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. GPS buoys have been used to acquire sea level change data, current measurements and other oceanic variables in sea for the purposes of vertical datum determination, tide correction, radar altimeter calibration, ocean environment and marine pollution monitoring. The occurrence of rip currents in the Haeundae beach, which is one of the most famous beaches in South Korea, has been threatening beach-goer security in summer season annually. Therefore, we adopted a GPS buoy system for an experiment which is to investigate rip current velocity; it is sporadic and may quickly upsurge within minutes due to larger arriving wave groups or nearshore flow uncertainties. In this study, for high accurate positioning of buoy equipment, a Satellite Based Argumentation System DGPS data logger was deployed to investigate within floating object, and it can be acquired three-dimensional coordinate or geodetic position of buoy with continuous NMEA-0183 protocol during 24 hours. The wave height and current profile measured by in-situ Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers in a cross-shore array were compared with the GPS-derived current velocity, it is being clearly increased before and after generation of rip current, and wave period also was lengthened when a rip current generated. The results presented in this study indicate that by using the GPS buoy system is a reasonable alternative for the measuring of rip current behaviour.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Introduction
The clinical manifestations and risk factors for developing coronary artery abnormalities (CAA) in Kawasaki disease (KD) might differ depending on age.
Materials and methods
From January ...2001 to July 2007, 161 patients with an age younger than 1 year (younger group) and 60 patients with an age older than 5 years (older group) were diagnosed with KD at the Korea University Medical Center. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively and the two groups were compared in terms of a number of variables commonly associated with the development of CAA, including clinical manifestations and laboratory findings.
Results
While the overall incidence of KD-associated CAA in our hospital was 6.7%, CAA developed in 20 (12.4%) of the younger group and ten (16.7%) of the older group, respectively. The CAA (+) cases of the younger group had a longer duration of total fever (9.1 ± 3.3
vs
6.3 ± 1.9 days,
p
= 0.002) and showed fewer diagnostic symptoms (3.0 ± 1.2
vs
4.3 ± 1.1,
p
< 0.001) than the CAA (−) cases. The CAA (+) cases of the older group had a longer duration of total fever (14.1 ± 10.4
vs
6.5 ± 1.9 days,
p
= 0.045), especially with respect to post-intravenous gamma globulin (IVGG) fever (7.9 ± 9.6
vs
1.1 ± 0.8 days,
p
= 0.052), and had higher total white blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, C-reactive protein levels, total bilirubin levels, and Harada scores and lower serum albumin and sodium levels than the CAA (−) cases. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the factors that were associated significantly with the development of CAA were the number of total symptoms (OR = 0.494, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.281–0.871,
p
= 0.015) in the younger group and the duration of post-IVGG fever (OR = 1.958, 95% CI = 1.098–3.492,
p
= 0.023) and the Harada score (OR = 3.455, 95% CI = 1.012–11.796,
p
= 0.048) in the older group.
Conclusion
Incomplete clinical manifestations in the younger group and IVGG nonresponsiveness in the older group are associated with the development of KD-associated CAA. These age-specific characteristics could aid the customization of the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of KD, thereby helping to improve the outcome of this disease.
3nm Gate-All-Around (GAA) technology is introduced to suggest the future of logic transistor with performance, power, and area (PPA) benefit. However, as with the recent advanced technologies, GAA ...technology also faces the potential challenges to overcome for the optimum PPA. Therefore, Design-Technology Co-Optimization (DTCO) has become more important than ever to maximize technology-to-design benefits of GAA. In this paper, the motivation of DTCO is presented by showing the successful design examples in advanced technologies. Then, the design techniques of standard cell and SRAM compiler are proposed based on DTCO to maximize the benefit of 3nm GAA technology.
In this paper, standard cell design challenges for the 3nm process are introduced, solved, and optimized using the advanced MOL technology, AC P-N connection. In this methodology, each drain nodes of ...P and NMOS are connected using a single MOL layer (AC). Utilizing the AC P-N connection, standard cell library can be improved in three different ways. First, reduce the parasitic wire resistance by more than 20% and improve circuit reliability by alleviating a high current density. Second, Ceff improvement by composing only the MOL layer (AC) for the output node of the cell improves the standard cell speed up to 9.6%. Third, we propose a novel Flip-Flop (FF) structure optimized for AC P-N connection, thus improving the speed of the FF (1/T D2Q ) by 9.1%.
End-stage liver disease patients with obliterated portal vein(PV) and large spontaneous splenorenal shunts (SRS) are often indicated to renoportal bypass as a reconstruction of portal inflow during ...liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to show the feasibility and safety of the side-to-end (S-to-E) renoportal anastomosis (RP-A).
RP-A were performed in 5 patients among 597 adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) with end-to-end (E-to-E) or S-to-E method interposing cadaveric fresh vessel grafts between left renal vein (LRV) and PV of liver graft from October 2005 to June 2008.
One patient underwent E-to-E RP-A, but it was technically difficult in our experience because of thin and retracted renal vein end under poor operation field. Remaining four patients underwent side-to-end (S-to-E) RP-A which allowed us to perform easy and secure anastomosis under better and more stable operation field, because LRV continuity with vena cava was preserved without retraction of anastomosis site. Except one patient having two left-lobes dual-graft LDLT who died from cerebral hemorrhage, four patients were recovered well with normal graft function and a patent RP-A.
S-to-E anastomosis is technically more feasible and easier method than E-to-E anastomosis for RP-A interposing cadaveric fresh vessel in LDLT.
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