In the present study, we investigated whether cold plasma activation affected the efficacy of aerosolized hydrogen peroxide against S. Typhimurium and L. innocua. Stem scars and smooth surfaces of ...grape tomatoes, surfaces of Granny Smith apples and Romaine lettuce (both midrib and upper leaves) and cantaloupe rinds were inoculated with two-strain cocktails of S. Typhimurium and 3-strain cocktails of L. innocua. The inoculated samples were treated with 7.8% aerosolized H2O2 with and without cold plasma for various times. For all fresh produce items and surfaces, cold plasma significantly (P < 0.05) improved the efficacy of aerosolized H2O2 against Salmonella and L. innocua. Without cold plasma activation, H2O2 aerosols only reduced populations of Salmonella by 1.54–3.17 log CFU/piece while H2O2 with cold plasma achieved 2.35–5.50 log CFU/piece reductions of Salmonella. L. innocua was more sensitive to the cold plasma-activated H2O2 than Salmonella. Cold plasma activated H2O2 aerosols reduced Listeria populations by more than 5 log CFU/piece on all types and surfaces of fresh produce except for the tomato stem scar area. Without cold plasma, the reductions by H2O2 were only 1.35–3.77 log CFU/piece. Overall, our results demonstrated that cold plasma activation significantly enhanced the efficacy of H2O2 mist against bacteria on fresh produce.
•Ionization of H2O2 mist was achieved by passing through a cold plasma.•Cold plasma enhanced the efficacy of H2O2 mist against Salmonella and Listeria.•The ionized H2O2 was more effective against Listeria than against Salmonella.•Bacteria on smooth surfaces were easier to inactivate than those on rough surfaces.
Heavy Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall occurred over central‐east China and Japan in June–July 2020. This study analyzes observational and reanalysis data and performs atmospheric model simulations to investigate ...its causes. It is found that low Arctic sea ice cover (SIC) in late spring‐early summer of 2020 along the Siberian coast was an important factor. The low SIC caused local warming and high pressure, resulted in excessive atmospheric blockings over East Siberia, which caused cold air outbreaks into the Meiyu‐Baiu region, stopped the seasonal northward march of the Meiyu‐Baiu front, and increased the thermal contrast across the front, leading to record‐breaking rainfall in June–July 2020. Our results suggest that the 2020 extreme Meiyu‐Baiu was partly caused by the low SIC around the Siberian coast through its impact on East Siberian blockings. As sea ice along the Siberian coast decreases under global warming, its variations and thus influence on Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall may weaken.
Plain Language Summary
Meiyu‐Baiu, a west—east oriented stationary front from central‐east China to Japan, usually persists from mid‐June to mid‐July. In June–July 2020, central‐east China and Japan encountered record‐breaking Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall. Through analyses of observational and reanalysis data, we found that excessive East Siberian atmospheric blockings—large‐scale quasi‐stationary anticyclonic circulations—during the 2020 Meiyu‐Baiu season increased cold air outbreaks into the Meiyu‐Baiu region, stopped the northward march of the Meiyu‐Baiu front, and enhanced the temperature contrast across the front, leading to record‐breaking Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall in 2020. Using atmospheric model experiments, we further show that the frequent East Siberian blockings can be largely attributed to excessive sea ice melting and the concurring warming along the Siberian coast. The lower‐atmospheric warming reduced local meridional temperature gradients and zonal winds, which favors East Siberian blockings. Our results highlight the effect of Arctic sea ice decline and the associated warming on Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall and provide a new mechanism for the Arctic to affect mid‐latitude precipitation in late spring‐early summer. This Arctic effect may change in the future as late spring‐early summer sea ice diminishes under global warming.
Key Points
The excessive atmospheric blockings over East Siberia enhanced the Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall in June–July 2020
The low Arctic sea ice favored East Siberian blockings and greatly intensified the Meiyu‐Baiu rain belt, especially in July 2020
As essential components of ionic polymer electrolytes (IPEs), ionic liquids (ILs) with high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical window are promising candidates to enable safe and ...high-energy-density lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Here, we describe a machine learning workflow embedded with quantum calculation and graph convolutional neural network to discover potential ILs for IPEs. By selecting subsets of the recommended ILs, combining with a rigid-rod polyelectrolyte and a lithium salt, we develop a series of thin (~50 μm) and robust (>200 MPa) IPE membranes. The Li|IPEs|Li cells exhibit ultrahigh critical-current-density (6 mA cm
) at 80 °C. The Li|IPEs|LiFePO
(10.3 mg cm
) cells deliver outstanding capacity retention in 350 cycles (>96% at 0.5C; >80% at 2C), fast charge/discharge capability (146 mAh g
at 3C) and excellent efficiency (>99.92%). This performance is rarely reported by other single-layer polymer electrolytes without any flammable organics for LMBs.
Targeted metabolomics has significant advantages for quantification but suffers from reduced metabolite coverage. In this study, we developed a large-scale targeted metabolomics method and expanded ...its applicability to various human samples. This approach initially involved unbiased identification of metabolites in human cells, tissues and body fluids using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS). Targeted metabolomics method was established with utility of UHPLC-triple quadrupole MS, which enables targeted profiling of over 400 biologically important metabolites (e.g., amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, dipeptides, coenzymes, and fatty acids), covering 92 metabolic pathways (e.g., Krebs cycle, glycolysis, amino acids metabolism, ammonia recycling, and one-carbon metabolism). The present method displayed better sensitivity, repeatability and linearity than the Orbitrap MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach and demonstrated excellent performance in lung cancer biomarker discovery, in which 107 differential metabolites were able to discriminate between carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues, implicating the Warburg effect, alteration of redox state, and nucleotide metabolism of lung cancer. This new method is flexible and expandable and offers many advantages for metabolomics analysis, such as wide metabolite coverage, good repeatability and linearity and excellent capability in biomarker discovery, making it useful for both basic and clinical metabolic research.
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•A large-scale targeted metabolomics method for analysis of various human samples.•Over 400 endogenous metabolites, covering 92 metabolic pathways were monitored.•The method showed good repeatability and linearity and wide metabolite coverage.•The method demonstrated excellent capability in lung cancer biomarker discovery.
Phillip Ein-Dor advocated that electronic journals be more than a PDF of the established text model. He envisioned a transformation of scholarship. The need for such a transition has only grown since ...the first issue of JAIS in 2000 because the continuing growth and fragmentation of knowledge limits the generation of new knowledge. We propose drawing on analytics and AI to accelerate and transform scholarship, providing an appropriate tribute to a visionary IS leader.
Dendritic and axonal morphology reflects the input and output of neurons and is a defining feature of neuronal types
, yet our knowledge of its diversity remains limited. Here, to systematically ...examine complete single-neuron morphologies on a brain-wide scale, we established a pipeline encompassing sparse labelling, whole-brain imaging, reconstruction, registration and analysis. We fully reconstructed 1,741 neurons from cortex, claustrum, thalamus, striatum and other brain regions in mice. We identified 11 major projection neuron types with distinct morphological features and corresponding transcriptomic identities. Extensive projectional diversity was found within each of these major types, on the basis of which some types were clustered into more refined subtypes. This diversity follows a set of generalizable principles that govern long-range axonal projections at different levels, including molecular correspondence, divergent or convergent projection, axon termination pattern, regional specificity, topography, and individual cell variability. Although clear concordance with transcriptomic profiles is evident at the level of major projection type, fine-grained morphological diversity often does not readily correlate with transcriptomic subtypes derived from unsupervised clustering, highlighting the need for single-cell cross-modality studies. Overall, our study demonstrates the crucial need for quantitative description of complete single-cell anatomy in cell-type classification, as single-cell morphological diversity reveals a plethora of ways in which different cell types and their individual members may contribute to the configuration and function of their respective circuits.
North China, characterized by its strong land–atmosphere coupling, also has a high concentration of atmospheric aerosols from anthropogenic emissions. However, the impact of aerosols on ...land–atmosphere coupling in this region remains partially unclear. Here, we use Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) experiments to show that the aerosol radiative effect weakens land–atmosphere coupling in North China. This weakening occurs across all five indexes used to measure different aspects of land–atmosphere coupling. Notably, the weakening is more pronounced for indexes that describe surface coupling compared to the index that characterizes the coupling between the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and clouds. The mechanisms underlying the aerosol influence can be primarily attributed to the reduction of land surface fluxes and their sensitivities to soil moisture, while the weakened entrainment of moisture at the upper boundary of the PBL may also contribute to the effects.
Plain Language Summary
The connection between land surface processes and atmospheric elements (land‐atmosphere coupling) is robust in North China due to its semi‐arid to semi‐humid climates. Additionally, the region experiences a high concentration of atmospheric pollution particles (aerosols) from human emissions. However, the impact of these aerosols on the land‐atmosphere coupling remains incompletely understood. To address this, we conducted experiments using a computer model. Our findings reveal that pollution weakens the land‐atmosphere coupling in North China. This effect is evident in various measures used to assess the coupling. Notably, the impact is more pronounced on the surface coupling compared to the coupling higher up in the atmosphere. The reasons behind this weakening effect are twofold. First, pollution reduces the exchange of heat and moisture between the land and the atmosphere. Second, it reduces the exchange of moisture in the upper atmosphere. Our research advances the understanding of land‐atmosphere interactions and their relationship with air pollution, potentially guiding future weather and climate predictions.
Key Points
Aerosol radiative effect weakens land–atmosphere coupling in North China, as found across five indexes of land–atmosphere coupling
The weakening is more pronounced for surface coupling than the coupling between the planetary boundary layer and clouds
The reduction of land surface fluxes and their sensitivities to soil moisture, along with the weakened entrainment are the primary mechanism
Roots of most terrestrial plants form symbiotic associations (mycorrhiza) with soil- borne arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Many studies show that mycorrhizal colonization enhances plant ...resistance against pathogenic fungi. However, the mechanism of mycorrhiza-induced disease resistance remains equivocal. In this study, we found that mycorrhizal inoculation with AMF Funneliformis mosseae significantly alleviated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani Sorauer. AMF pre-inoculation led to significant increases in activities of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and lipoxygenase (LOX) in tomato leaves upon pathogen inoculation. Mycorrhizal inoculation alone did not influence the transcripts of most genes tested. However, pathogen attack on AMF-inoculated plants provoked strong defense responses of three genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins, PR1, PR2, and PR3, as well as defense-related genes LOX, AOC, and PAL, in tomato leaves. The induction of defense responses in AMF pre-inoculated plants was much higher and more rapid than that in un-inoculated plants in present of pathogen infection. Three tomato genotypes: a Castlemart wild-type (WT) plant, a jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis mutant (spr2), and a prosystemin-overexpressing 35S::PS plant were used to examine the role of the JA signaling pathway in AMF-primed disease defense. Pathogen infection on mycorrhizal 35S::PS plants led to higher induction of defense-related genes and enzymes relative to WT plants. However, pathogen infection did not induce these genes and enzymes in mycorrhizal spr2 mutant plants. Bioassays showed that 35S::PS plants were more resistant and spr2 plants were more susceptible to early blight compared with WT plants. Our finding indicates that mycorrhizal colonization enhances tomato resistance to early blight by priming systemic defense response, and the JA signaling pathway is essential for mycorrhiza-primed disease resistance.
Aims
To explore the status quo and the influencing factors of residents’ knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) in the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), and the ...difficulties or challenges perceived by residents in their preventive practice.
Design
An online questionnaire survey.
Methods
The self‐designed questionnaire was distributed among residents online in February 2020. Descriptive statistics, two independent samples t‐tests, one‐way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analysis, multivariate linear regression and content analysis were performed.
Results
A total of 919 valid questionnaires were collected. The scoring rates of residents’ KAP were 85.2%, 92.9% and 84.4% respectively. Main factors influencing residents’ knowledge included gender and occupation; while those influencing attitude were occupation, family economic level and knowledge; and those influencing practice included place of residence, occupation, with or without chronic disease, knowledge and attitude. Mass media was the primary approach for people to learn the knowledge and information of COVID‐19. Difficulties or challenges faced were mainly lack of protective equipments, concerns about the risk of prevention and control, impact on daily life, work and study, lack of knowledge and consensus, psychological problems and information problems.
Conclusion
The attitude of residents towards COVID‐19 prevention and control is generally positive. The knowledge and practice have been popularized to a certain extent, but there are still deviations or deficiencies in residents’ understanding of certain important knowledge and the adoption of relevant preventive measures. Evidence‐based tailored public education initiatives are indicated.
Impact
Findings of this study add important knowledge about residents’ understanding, attitude, practice and the influencing factors on COVID‐19 prevention and control, which serves as a scientific foundation for optimizing the pandemic public education and decision‐making.
摘要
目的
探讨居民对新冠病毒肺炎 (COVID‐19) 防控知识、态度和行为 (KAP) 的现状和影响因素, 以及居民在预防实践中认为的困难或挑战。
设计
一项在线问卷调查。
方法
于2020年2月向居民在线发放自编调查问卷。进行了描述性统计、两个独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析、皮尔森相关性分析、多元线性回归和内容分析。
结果
本次调查共收集有效问卷919份。居民的知识、态度和行为得分率分别为85.2%、92.9%和84.4%。影响居民知识的主要因素包括性别和职业; 影响态度的主要因素是职业、家庭经济水平和知识; 影响行为的主要因素包括居住地、职业、有无慢性病、知识和态度。大众传媒是人们了解新冠病毒肺炎知识和信息的主要途径。面临的困难或挑战主要包括缺乏防护设备, 担心防控风险, 影响日常生活、工作和学习, 缺乏知识和共识, 心理问题和信息问题。
结论
居民对待新冠病毒肺炎防控工作的态度总体上是积极的。在某种程度上, 知识和行为得到了普及, 但居民对某些重要知识的理解以及在采取相关预防措施方面仍有偏差或不足之处。建议采取基于证据、有针对性的大众宣传措施。
影响
本研究结果补充了关于居民对新冠病毒肺炎防控的了解、态度、行为以及影响因素的重要知识, 为优化流行病大众宣传和决策提供了科学依据。
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