Pyrolysis of sal seed to liquid product Singh, V.K.; Soni, A.B.; Kumar, Sachin ...
Bioresource technology,
January 2014, 2014, 2014-Jan, 2014-01-00, 20140101, Letnik:
151
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•This paper highlights the chemical recycling of sal seed by thermal pyrolysis.•Utilization of non-edible oilseeds.•Production of the liquid fuels from biomass.•The results of thermal pyrolysis of ...different seeds carried out by different researchers.•Suitability of liquid product obtained after thermal pyrolysis of sal seed as an alternate fuel.
Thermal pyrolysis of sal seed (Shorea Robusta) was carried out in a semi-batch reactor at a temperature range of 400–625°C and at a heating rate of 20°C/min. The FTIR analysis of bio-fuel indicates the presence of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The composition of the liquid product was analyzed using GC–MS and found the presence of hydrocarbons between 6 and 20 carbon atoms in a chain. The physical properties of the obtained liquid were close to that of petroleum fractions. The pyrolysis char can be used as an adsorbent as well as a solid fuel due to its high calorific value.
We report on the first complete calculation of the KL-KS mass difference, AMK, using lattice QCD. The calculation is performed on a 2+1 flavor, domain wall fermion ensemble with a 330 MeV pion mass ...and a 575 MeV kaon mass. We use a quenched charm quark with a 949 MeV mass to implement Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani cancellation. For these heavier-than-physical particle masses, we obtain Delta MK=3.19(41)(96)x10-12 MeV, quite similar to the experimental value. Here the first error is statistical, and the second is an estimate of the systematic discretization error. An interesting aspect of this calculation is the importance of the disconnected diagrams, a dramatic failure of the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule.
We report the first lattice QCD calculation of the complex kaon decay amplitude A_{0} with physical kinematics, using a 32³×64 lattice volume and a single lattice spacing a, with 1/a=1.3784(68) GeV. ...We find Re(A_{0})=4.66(1.00)(1.26)×10(-7) GeV and Im(A_{0})=-1.90(1.23)(1.08)×10(-11) GeV, where the first error is statistical and the second systematic. The first value is in approximate agreement with the experimental result: Re(A_{0})=3.3201(18)×10(-7) GeV, while the second can be used to compute the direct CP-violating ratio Re(ϵ^{'}/ϵ)=1.38(5.15)(4.59)×10^{-4}, which is 2.1σ below the experimental value 16.6(2.3)×10(-4). The real part of A_{0} is CP conserving and serves as a test of our method while the result for Re(ϵ^{'}/ϵ) provides a new test of the standard model theory of CP violation, one which can be made more accurate with increasing computer capability.
Purpose: Post-traumatic CSF leaks are a complication in 2% of all head injuries. Majority of these patients will recover spontaneously. Whilst recent literature has predominantly centred on CSF leaks ...and their general investigations and management thereof, there is a paucity of information when it comes to those patients who have persistent post-traumatic CSF leaks, as well as the complication of recurrent meningitis. We present a patient with a persistent post-traumatic CSF leak who presented with recurrent bacterial meningitis thirteen times- the highest documented amount in an adult. We reviewed the literature with regards to the above as well.
Material and Methods: We reviewed a vast array of journal articles on the topic of CSF leaks from the PubMed resource, and focused this review specifically on those that documented patients who had uncorrected CSF leaks and their outcomes.
Results: Complications include meningitis and rhinorrhoea with brain abscesses and pneumocephalus occurring less frequently. Mortality has been documented to be 9% after 1 year. The rates of persistent CSF leaks were within the same range with an average calculated rate of 21%. Whilst meningitis was recorded and is common, it was not stipulated whether the incidences were recurrent.
Conclusion: Post-traumatic persistent CSF leaks remain a therapeutic challenge and continued follow-up with early surgical intervention is highly recommended to prevent complications. One of the more serious complications of a persistent leak is meningitis. The long-term outcomes of recurrent meningitis could include cumulative focal neurological deficitis and cognitive impairment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We present a lattice QCD calculation of the ΔI = 1/2, K → π π decay amplitude A 0 and ϵ ′, the measure of direct C P violation in K → π π decay, improving our 2015 calculation 1 of these quantities. ...Both calculations were performed with physical kinematics on a 323 × 64 lattice with an inverse lattice spacing of a−1 = 1.3784(68) GeV . However, the current calculation includes nearly 4 times the statistics and numerous technical improvements allowing us to more reliably isolate the π π ground state and more accurately relate the lattice operators to those defined in the standard model. We find Re(A0) = 2.99(0.32)(0.59) × 10−7 GeV and Im(A0) = − 6.98(0.62)(1.44) × 10−11 GeV, where the errors are statistical and systematic, respectively. The former agrees well with the experimental result Re(A0) = 3.3201(18) × 10−7 GeV . These results for A0 can be combined with our earlier lattice calculation of A2 2 to obtain Re(ϵ′/ϵ) = 21.7(2.6)(6.2)(5.0) × 10−4, where the third error represents omitted isospin breaking effects, and Re(A0) / Re(A2) = 19.9(2.3)(4.4). The first agrees well with the experimental result of Re(ϵ′/ϵ) = 16.6(2.3) × 10−4. A comparison of the second with the observed ratio Re(A0) / Re(A2) = 22.45(6), demonstrates the standard model origin of this " ΔI = 1/2 rule" enhancement.
We present results for several light hadronic quantities (f sub(pi), f sub(K), B sub(K), m sub(ud), m sub(s), t super(1/2) sub(0), w sub(0)) obtained from simulations of 2+1 flavor domain wall ...lattice QCD with large physical volumes and nearly physical pion masses at two lattice spacings. We perform a short, O(3)%, extrapolation in pion mass to the physical values by combining our new data in a simultaneous chiral/continuum "global fit" with a number of other ensembles with heavier pion masses. We use the physical values of m sub(pi), m sub(K) and m sub(Omega) to determine the two quark masses and the scale-all other quantities are outputs from our simulations. We obtain results with subpercent statistical errors and negligible chiral and finite-volume systematics for these light hadronic quantities, including f sub(pi)=130.2(9)MeV; f sub(K)=155.5(8)MeV; the average up/down quark mass and strange quark mass in the MS scheme at 3 GeV, 2.997(49) and 81.64(1.17) MeV respectively; and the neutral kaon mixing parameter, BK, in the renormalization group invariant scheme, 0.750(15) and the MS scheme at 3 GeV, 0.530(11).
There are no available guidelines in India for estimating the quantity of mine water in an operational mining pit. Based on multiple case studies, procedures to determine water quantities have been ...developed for Indian geo-mining conditions, which varies with season and pit depth, India’s monsoonal rainfall pattern, aquifer conditions (local and regional), and groundwater flow directions have been considered. These guidelines can be used for scientific assessments in surface pit mines, and for planning dewatering. Groundwater movement in underground mines is predominantly lateral, coinciding with the water table, and recharged by leakage from overlying aquifers, so water estimation can be based on volume and the size of voids/openings created underground. These guidelines should be useful for planning mine production and water management.
•Easy and cost effective solid state reaction method has been used for synthesis of Ba4Co2−xZnxFe36O60 (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.5 in step of 0.5) powder.•All barium hexaferrite (BHF) powder samples demonstrate ...the typical characteristics of soft ferrite.•A series of BHF-epoxy composites was prepared of fix volume percentage (54.3 vol%) of BHF powder.•Complex permittivity and complex permeability were computed in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz.•The values of return loss have been successfully measured for toroidal shaped composites through metal backing technique.•Maximum absorption (›› 90%) was achieved for all prepared composites for every compositions of Ba4Co2−xZnxFe36O60.
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In the current study, U-type barium hexaferrite (BHF) poly-crystalline powder with chemical formula Ba4Co2−xZnxFe36O60 (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.5 in step of 0.5) were successfully synthesized by solid state reaction route at the sintering temperature of 1400 °C in air medium. The effect of Zn+2 substitutions on the crystalline structural and magnetic properties of BHF powders were examined through nondestructive X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) respectively. Upon increasing Zn+2 content the lattice parameters a and c decreases which is leading to the X-ray density up to a small degree, due to a smaller ionic size of Zn+2 as compared to Co+2 ions and saturation magnetization (Ms) from 56.08 emu/g for the zinc substituted sample down to 54.79 emu/g was observed. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) depicted that the particle size reached a minimum at x = 0.5 and then grown with x = 1.5 zinc content, getting a value of 103.06 nm with hexagonal phase and finer grains having the size range of ~0.51–1.0 µm thick and 5 µm long which is confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). A series of BHF-epoxy composites has been further transformed into toroidal shaped composites with fix volume percentage (54.3 vol%) of BHF powder in epoxy matrix. Electromagnetic properties; complex permittivity (εr = ε′ − jε″) and complex permeability (μr = μ′ − jμ″) of the prepared composites were computed through coaxial measurement techniques by using an Agilent E8364B vector network analyzer. Minimum return loss (RLmin) was observed as −32.98 dB (maximum absorption " 99.92) for matching frequency 10.3 GHz of the absorber with thickness of 3.1 mm and the bandwidth achieved was 7.38 GHz. Absorption values for prepared composites have potential use as excellent microwave absorbers over the frequency band C-band, X-band and Ku-band.
Background
Interdisciplinary pain management programmes, based on cognitive-behavioural principles, aim to improve physical and psychological functioning and enhance self-management in people living ...with chronic pain. Currently there is insufficient evidence about whether psychological, biological or social factors are predictive of positive outcomes following pain rehabilitation. This study aims to evaluate predictors of change in Brief Pain Inventory – pain interference score (BPI) in a clinical data set to determine whether age, sex and baseline outcome measures are predictive of improvement in pain interference following pain rehabilitation.
Methods
A retrospective, pragmatic observational analysis of routinely collected clinical data in two pain rehabilitation programmes, Balanced Life Programme (BLP) and Get Back Active (GBA) was conducted. Standard regression and hierarchical regression analyses were used to identify predictors of change to assess temporal changes in BPI. Responder analysis was also conducted.
Results
Standard regression analyses of 208 (BLP) and 310 (GBA) patients showed that higher baseline BPI and better physical performance measures predicted better improvement in BPI across both programmes. Hierarchical regression showed that age and sex accounted for 2.7% (BLP) and 0.002% (GBA) of the variance in change in BPI. After controlling for age and sex, the other measures explained an additional 23% (BLP) and 19% (GBA) of the variance, p = < .001 where BPI and physical performance measures were consistently statistically significant predictors, p < .05. Responder analysis also showed that pain interference and physical performance were significantly associated with improvement (p = < .0005).
Conclusions
The combination of high self-reported pain interference and better physical performance measures may be a useful indicator of who would benefit from interdisciplinary rehabilitation. Further validation of the results is required.
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